General Physics
Grade 12 STEM
SY 2024-2025
1ST SEMESTER
Second Quarter
MOTION ● The first law of motion introduces the concept
In physics, motion is when an object changes its of inertia, the tendency of an object to resist
position with respect to a reference point in a given time changes in its state of motion. This law was
CLASSES OF MOTION (According to Aristotle) often summarized as “an object at rest stays at
● According to Aristotle, motion is classified as rest, and an object in motion stays in motion.”
natural or violent motion. ● The first law of motion does not have a specific
○ natural motion, a body will move and mathematical formula, but it can be expressed
will return to its natural state based on
in terms of the concept of inertia and the
the body’s nature and composition.
○ In contrast, a body moving in a violent absence of acceleration when no external force
motion needs an external force for it to is applied.
move. Σ𝐹𝐴 = 0
GALILEO
Galileo disproved Aristotle’s claims and stated that the Net force = 0
motion of a body is not due to its composition. He
further asserted that the motion of a body can be
described by measurement and the changes in
quantifiable variables such as time and distance. He
further asserted that:
● A body who is in uniform motion will move a
distance that is proportional to the time it will
take to travel; LAW OF ACCELERATION
● A uniformly accelerating body will travel at a ● “The acceleration of an object is directly
speed proportional to time; and proportional to the net force applied to it and
● An object in motion will keep moving; and the inversely proportional to its mass.” (Newton’s
external force is not necessary to maintain the Second Law of Motion)
motion. ● This law essentially quantifies the relationship
○ In simple terms, there is no such thing as
natural or dynamic/violent motion. An object between force, mass, and acceleration. It tells
will continue to roll without any friction. us that to accelerate an object, we need to
LAWS OF MOTION apply a force to it, and the amount of
● Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727) an English acceleration depends on both the force applied
scientist and mathematician famous for his and the mass of the object
discovery of the law of gravity also ○ Acceleration: a measurement of how
discovered the three laws of motion. quickly an object is changing speed
● Newton’s law of motion describes the ● An unbalanced force causes something to
relationship between the motion of an object accelerate. A force can cause motion only if it
and the forces acting upon it. It serves as a is met with an unbalanced force.
foundation in understanding the dynamics of ○ Forces can be balanced or unbalanced
objects in motion and are crucial in physics and ○ Depends on the net force acting on the
engineering applications object
LAW OF INERTIA ○ Net force (𝐹𝑁𝑒𝑡): The sum total and direction
● “An object at rest will stay at rest, and an of all forces acting on the object. Net
object in motion will stay in motion with a forces always cause acceleration.
constant velocity unless acted upon by an ● Balanced forces cause no acceleration while,
unbalanced force.” (Newton’s First Law of Unbalanced forces cause acceleration
Motion) ○ In other words
■ Less Force = Less Acceleration
1
, PHYSICS
■ Greater Force = Greater
Acceleration
■ Greater the mass= lesser
acceleration
■ Less mass = greater acceleration
● In mathematical terms, it can be expressed as:
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎
𝐹(𝑁) 𝐹
𝑎= 𝑚
,𝑚 = 𝑎
A swimmer pushes the water backward with their hands, and they
move forward.The swimmer's hands exert a backward force on the
● Where: water (action), causing an equal and opposite force (reaction) that
○ F is the net force acting on the object propels the swimmer forward.
(measured in newtons, N), FORCE
○ m is the mass of the object (measured in ● a push or a pull that acts upon an object as
kilograms, kg), results of its interaction with another object
○ a is the acceleration produced by the force
● are what cause any change in the velocity of an
(measured in meters per second squared,
object
m/s²).
● A force is that which causes an acceleration
● The net force is the vector sum of all the forces
acting on an object
○ Also called total force, resultant force,
or unbalanced force
ZERO NET FORCE
● When the net force is equal to zero:
LAW OF INTERACTION ○ the acceleration is equal to zero
● “For every action, there is an equal and ○ The velocity is constant
opposite reaction.” (Newton’s Third Law of ● Equilibrium occurs when the net force is equal
Motion) to zero
○ The object, if at rest, will remain at rest
● It means that when one object exerts a force
○ If the object is moving, it will continue to
on another object, the second object exerts move at a constant velocity
an equal and opposite force on the first CLASSES OF NET FORCE
object. This law is often summarized as "action ● Contact forces involve physical contact
and reaction are equal and opposite." between two objects
● If Object A exerts a force (F1) on Object B, then ○ Normal Contact Force – is the force
Object B exerts an equal and opposite force (F2) that acts perpendicular to the surface of
on Object A. the objects in contact with.
𝐹1 =− 𝐹2 ○ Tension – force applied to string, rope,
chain or cable.
● Where: ○ Friction – is the force acting against or
○ 𝐹1 = Represents the force exerted by Object opposite to an object in contact with
A on Object B.
which makes the movement of the
object slow down.
○ 𝐹2 Represents the force exerted by Object B
■ Static – between non-moving
on Object A. surfaces,
○ The negative sign (-) indicates that these ■ Kinetic friction between moving
forces are in opposite directions. surfaces.
○ Applied – a force given to a person or
object by another person or object.
● Non-contact Forces are forces where objects
do not touch or contact with each other. These
2
Grade 12 STEM
SY 2024-2025
1ST SEMESTER
Second Quarter
MOTION ● The first law of motion introduces the concept
In physics, motion is when an object changes its of inertia, the tendency of an object to resist
position with respect to a reference point in a given time changes in its state of motion. This law was
CLASSES OF MOTION (According to Aristotle) often summarized as “an object at rest stays at
● According to Aristotle, motion is classified as rest, and an object in motion stays in motion.”
natural or violent motion. ● The first law of motion does not have a specific
○ natural motion, a body will move and mathematical formula, but it can be expressed
will return to its natural state based on
in terms of the concept of inertia and the
the body’s nature and composition.
○ In contrast, a body moving in a violent absence of acceleration when no external force
motion needs an external force for it to is applied.
move. Σ𝐹𝐴 = 0
GALILEO
Galileo disproved Aristotle’s claims and stated that the Net force = 0
motion of a body is not due to its composition. He
further asserted that the motion of a body can be
described by measurement and the changes in
quantifiable variables such as time and distance. He
further asserted that:
● A body who is in uniform motion will move a
distance that is proportional to the time it will
take to travel; LAW OF ACCELERATION
● A uniformly accelerating body will travel at a ● “The acceleration of an object is directly
speed proportional to time; and proportional to the net force applied to it and
● An object in motion will keep moving; and the inversely proportional to its mass.” (Newton’s
external force is not necessary to maintain the Second Law of Motion)
motion. ● This law essentially quantifies the relationship
○ In simple terms, there is no such thing as
natural or dynamic/violent motion. An object between force, mass, and acceleration. It tells
will continue to roll without any friction. us that to accelerate an object, we need to
LAWS OF MOTION apply a force to it, and the amount of
● Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727) an English acceleration depends on both the force applied
scientist and mathematician famous for his and the mass of the object
discovery of the law of gravity also ○ Acceleration: a measurement of how
discovered the three laws of motion. quickly an object is changing speed
● Newton’s law of motion describes the ● An unbalanced force causes something to
relationship between the motion of an object accelerate. A force can cause motion only if it
and the forces acting upon it. It serves as a is met with an unbalanced force.
foundation in understanding the dynamics of ○ Forces can be balanced or unbalanced
objects in motion and are crucial in physics and ○ Depends on the net force acting on the
engineering applications object
LAW OF INERTIA ○ Net force (𝐹𝑁𝑒𝑡): The sum total and direction
● “An object at rest will stay at rest, and an of all forces acting on the object. Net
object in motion will stay in motion with a forces always cause acceleration.
constant velocity unless acted upon by an ● Balanced forces cause no acceleration while,
unbalanced force.” (Newton’s First Law of Unbalanced forces cause acceleration
Motion) ○ In other words
■ Less Force = Less Acceleration
1
, PHYSICS
■ Greater Force = Greater
Acceleration
■ Greater the mass= lesser
acceleration
■ Less mass = greater acceleration
● In mathematical terms, it can be expressed as:
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎
𝐹(𝑁) 𝐹
𝑎= 𝑚
,𝑚 = 𝑎
A swimmer pushes the water backward with their hands, and they
move forward.The swimmer's hands exert a backward force on the
● Where: water (action), causing an equal and opposite force (reaction) that
○ F is the net force acting on the object propels the swimmer forward.
(measured in newtons, N), FORCE
○ m is the mass of the object (measured in ● a push or a pull that acts upon an object as
kilograms, kg), results of its interaction with another object
○ a is the acceleration produced by the force
● are what cause any change in the velocity of an
(measured in meters per second squared,
object
m/s²).
● A force is that which causes an acceleration
● The net force is the vector sum of all the forces
acting on an object
○ Also called total force, resultant force,
or unbalanced force
ZERO NET FORCE
● When the net force is equal to zero:
LAW OF INTERACTION ○ the acceleration is equal to zero
● “For every action, there is an equal and ○ The velocity is constant
opposite reaction.” (Newton’s Third Law of ● Equilibrium occurs when the net force is equal
Motion) to zero
○ The object, if at rest, will remain at rest
● It means that when one object exerts a force
○ If the object is moving, it will continue to
on another object, the second object exerts move at a constant velocity
an equal and opposite force on the first CLASSES OF NET FORCE
object. This law is often summarized as "action ● Contact forces involve physical contact
and reaction are equal and opposite." between two objects
● If Object A exerts a force (F1) on Object B, then ○ Normal Contact Force – is the force
Object B exerts an equal and opposite force (F2) that acts perpendicular to the surface of
on Object A. the objects in contact with.
𝐹1 =− 𝐹2 ○ Tension – force applied to string, rope,
chain or cable.
● Where: ○ Friction – is the force acting against or
○ 𝐹1 = Represents the force exerted by Object opposite to an object in contact with
A on Object B.
which makes the movement of the
object slow down.
○ 𝐹2 Represents the force exerted by Object B
■ Static – between non-moving
on Object A. surfaces,
○ The negative sign (-) indicates that these ■ Kinetic friction between moving
forces are in opposite directions. surfaces.
○ Applied – a force given to a person or
object by another person or object.
● Non-contact Forces are forces where objects
do not touch or contact with each other. These
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