,CHAPTER 1: Evolution of Nursing Thought &
Action
Key Concept: Florence Nightingale’s influence on sanitation and
outcomes.
Stem: A nurse cites Nightingale’s contributions when advocating
for improved ward ventilation to reduce infection rates. Which
rationale best reflects Nightingale’s original influence on nursing
practice? (≤65 words)
A. She emphasized advanced pharmacotherapy to combat
infections.
B. She linked environmental sanitation (ventilation, cleanliness) to
patient outcomes.
C. She promoted exclusive physician-led decision making.
D. She prioritized hospital profitability over patient welfare.
Correct Answer: B
Rationales:
• Correct (B): Nightingale connected environmental factors
(clean air, sanitation) to recovery and reduced mortality—
foundation for nursing environmental interventions.
(Capriotti, Davis Advantage Pathophysiology, 3rd Ed.,
Chapter 1 — Historical Leaders Who Advanced the
Profession of Nursing.)
• A (wrong): Nightingale worked before modern antibiotics;
her emphasis was environmental, not pharmacotherapy.
• C (wrong): She promoted nursing’s role in observation and
care, not exclusive physician control.
• D (wrong): Nightingale advocated patient welfare and
sanitary reform, not financial prioritization.
Teaching Point: Environmental hygiene improves patient
outcomes; nurses advocate for safe care environments.
, 2.
Chapter 1 – About the Key Concepts
Key Concept: Full-spectrum nursing model (health promotion →
acute care → rehabilitation).
Stem: A nurse using the full-spectrum model is most likely to
perform which activity across care settings? (≤65 words)
A. Provide only bedside procedures in acute care.
B. Engage in health promotion, acute interventions, and
rehabilitation planning.
C. Limit practice to administrative tasks unrelated to patient care.
D. Refer all patient education to social work.
Correct Answer: B
Rationales:
• Correct (B): Full-spectrum nursing integrates health
promotion, acute care, and rehabilitation across settings—
nurses span prevention through recovery. (Capriotti, Chapter
1 — Nursing Today: Full-Spectrum Nursing.)
• A (wrong): Full-spectrum nursing is not limited to bedside
acute procedures.
• C (wrong): Administrative work may be part, but full-
spectrum requires direct clinical engagement.
• D (wrong): Nurses are primary educators; referring all
education ignores their role in teaching.
Teaching Point: Full-spectrum nursing covers prevention, acute
care, and recovery across settings.
3.
Chapter 1 – How Is Nursing Defined?
Key Concept: Nursing’s definition emphasizes promoting health,
, preventing illness, and restoring health.
Stem: Which statement most closely aligns with contemporary
definitions of nursing? (≤65 words)
A. Nursing is solely task performance delegated by physicians.
B. Nursing integrates assessment, clinical judgment, advocacy,
and health promotion.
C. Nursing excludes participation in research and policy.
D. Nursing only functions within hospital walls.
Correct Answer: B
Rationales:
• Correct (B): Modern definitions highlight assessment, clinical
reasoning, advocacy, education, and promotion of health.
(Capriotti, Chapter 1 — How Is Nursing Defined?)
• A (wrong): Nursing is autonomous and collaborative, not
merely delegated tasks.
• C (wrong): Nurses engage in research, quality improvement,
and policy.
• D (wrong): Nursing practice occurs in community, long-term
care, outpatient, and home settings.
Teaching Point: Nursing is a holistic, autonomous discipline
centered on health across settings.
4.
Chapter 1 – How Do Nurses’ Educational Paths Differ?
Key Concept: ADN vs. BSN vs. MSN/Doctoral roles and differences
in scope and outcomes.
Stem: A hospital seeks to improve patient outcomes and hires
more BSN-prepared nurses. Which evidence-based rationale
supports this hiring strategy? (≤65 words)
A. BSN programs focus only on administration, not clinical care.
Action
Key Concept: Florence Nightingale’s influence on sanitation and
outcomes.
Stem: A nurse cites Nightingale’s contributions when advocating
for improved ward ventilation to reduce infection rates. Which
rationale best reflects Nightingale’s original influence on nursing
practice? (≤65 words)
A. She emphasized advanced pharmacotherapy to combat
infections.
B. She linked environmental sanitation (ventilation, cleanliness) to
patient outcomes.
C. She promoted exclusive physician-led decision making.
D. She prioritized hospital profitability over patient welfare.
Correct Answer: B
Rationales:
• Correct (B): Nightingale connected environmental factors
(clean air, sanitation) to recovery and reduced mortality—
foundation for nursing environmental interventions.
(Capriotti, Davis Advantage Pathophysiology, 3rd Ed.,
Chapter 1 — Historical Leaders Who Advanced the
Profession of Nursing.)
• A (wrong): Nightingale worked before modern antibiotics;
her emphasis was environmental, not pharmacotherapy.
• C (wrong): She promoted nursing’s role in observation and
care, not exclusive physician control.
• D (wrong): Nightingale advocated patient welfare and
sanitary reform, not financial prioritization.
Teaching Point: Environmental hygiene improves patient
outcomes; nurses advocate for safe care environments.
, 2.
Chapter 1 – About the Key Concepts
Key Concept: Full-spectrum nursing model (health promotion →
acute care → rehabilitation).
Stem: A nurse using the full-spectrum model is most likely to
perform which activity across care settings? (≤65 words)
A. Provide only bedside procedures in acute care.
B. Engage in health promotion, acute interventions, and
rehabilitation planning.
C. Limit practice to administrative tasks unrelated to patient care.
D. Refer all patient education to social work.
Correct Answer: B
Rationales:
• Correct (B): Full-spectrum nursing integrates health
promotion, acute care, and rehabilitation across settings—
nurses span prevention through recovery. (Capriotti, Chapter
1 — Nursing Today: Full-Spectrum Nursing.)
• A (wrong): Full-spectrum nursing is not limited to bedside
acute procedures.
• C (wrong): Administrative work may be part, but full-
spectrum requires direct clinical engagement.
• D (wrong): Nurses are primary educators; referring all
education ignores their role in teaching.
Teaching Point: Full-spectrum nursing covers prevention, acute
care, and recovery across settings.
3.
Chapter 1 – How Is Nursing Defined?
Key Concept: Nursing’s definition emphasizes promoting health,
, preventing illness, and restoring health.
Stem: Which statement most closely aligns with contemporary
definitions of nursing? (≤65 words)
A. Nursing is solely task performance delegated by physicians.
B. Nursing integrates assessment, clinical judgment, advocacy,
and health promotion.
C. Nursing excludes participation in research and policy.
D. Nursing only functions within hospital walls.
Correct Answer: B
Rationales:
• Correct (B): Modern definitions highlight assessment, clinical
reasoning, advocacy, education, and promotion of health.
(Capriotti, Chapter 1 — How Is Nursing Defined?)
• A (wrong): Nursing is autonomous and collaborative, not
merely delegated tasks.
• C (wrong): Nurses engage in research, quality improvement,
and policy.
• D (wrong): Nursing practice occurs in community, long-term
care, outpatient, and home settings.
Teaching Point: Nursing is a holistic, autonomous discipline
centered on health across settings.
4.
Chapter 1 – How Do Nurses’ Educational Paths Differ?
Key Concept: ADN vs. BSN vs. MSN/Doctoral roles and differences
in scope and outcomes.
Stem: A hospital seeks to improve patient outcomes and hires
more BSN-prepared nurses. Which evidence-based rationale
supports this hiring strategy? (≤65 words)
A. BSN programs focus only on administration, not clinical care.
