PN 4003 MIDTERM UPDATED ACTUAL
Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers
if co2 increases, whats the result in ph? - CORRECT ANSWER - it becomes acidic
if co2 increases, what does your body do? - CORRECT ANSWER - increases resp rate to
remove co2
what is shock? - CORRECT ANSWER - A failure of the circulatory system to support
vital body functions. inadequate tissue perfusion.
neurogenic shock - CORRECT ANSWER - Circulatory failure caused by paralysis of the
nerves that control the size of the blood vessels, leading to widespread dilation; seen in patients
with spinal cord injuries.
hypovolemic shock - CORRECT ANSWER - shock resulting from blood or fluid loss
caused by bleeding/hemorrhage, severe vomiting, severe diarrhea, third-spacing
cardiogenic shock - CORRECT ANSWER - Shock caused by inadequate function of the
heart, or pump failure.
anaphylactic shock - CORRECT ANSWER - A severe reaction that occurs when an
allergen is introduced to the bloodstream of an allergic individual. Characterized by
bronchoconstriction, labored breathing, widespread vasodilation, circulatory shock, and
sometimes sudden death.
septic shock - CORRECT ANSWER - Shock caused by severe infection, usually a
bacterial infection.
,stages of shock - CORRECT ANSWER - -Compensated
-Decompensated
-Irreversible
what % of blood/fluid loss is hypovolemic shock? - CORRECT ANSWER - 15%
hypokalemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Low potassium levels in the blood.
hypokalemia s/s - CORRECT ANSWER - Fatigue, Anorexia, N/V, Muscle weakness,
Decreased GI motility, Dysrhythmias, Paresthesia, Flat T waves on ECG
which electrolytes relate to osmotic pressure? - CORRECT ANSWER - sodium, chloride,
potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphate
calciums role in the body - CORRECT ANSWER - - 99% of calcium in the body is found
in solid mineral deposits in the bones and teeth
- the remaining 1% is found in intracellular fluid, blood and extracellular fluid
- calcium found in the body's fluid plays a role in nerve transmission, muscle contractions, blood
pressure regulation and the release of hormones
hypercalcemia s/s - CORRECT ANSWER - Muscle weakness, Constipation, Anorexia,
N/V, Polyuria, Polydipsia, Neurosis, Dysrhythmias,
hypocalcemia s/s - CORRECT ANSWER - C.A.T.S.
C - Convulsions
A- Arrhythmias
T - Tetany (involuntary contraction of muscles)
S - Spasms and stridor
, sensible fluid loss - CORRECT ANSWER - Measurable and perceived; urine, diarrhea,
ostomy, gastric drainage.
insensible fluid loss - CORRECT ANSWER - Occurs daily through lungs and skin--cannot
be measured for accurate output
hypervolemia s/s - CORRECT ANSWER - -Hypertension
-Bounding pulse
-JVD
-Peripheral edema
-↑ urine output that is dilute
-Acute, rapid weight gain
-S3 heart sound in adults
-Bulging fontanels in infants
-Crackles on auscultation
-Dyspnea, cough and increased RR
-Mental status changes (headache, confusion, lethargy; seizures possible)
what is urine specific gravity? - CORRECT ANSWER - The ratio of weight of a given
volume of urine to the weight of the same volume of distilled water at a constant temperature
normal urine specific gravity - CORRECT ANSWER - 1.005 - 1.030
Dehydration - High (concentrated)
Overhydration - Low (dilute)
Diabetes insipidus - Low (inability to concentrate urine)
Diabetes mellitus - High (due to glucose in urine)
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) - Fixed, often around 1.010 (loss of concentration ability)
Proteinuria (e.g., nephrotic syndrome) - High
Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers
if co2 increases, whats the result in ph? - CORRECT ANSWER - it becomes acidic
if co2 increases, what does your body do? - CORRECT ANSWER - increases resp rate to
remove co2
what is shock? - CORRECT ANSWER - A failure of the circulatory system to support
vital body functions. inadequate tissue perfusion.
neurogenic shock - CORRECT ANSWER - Circulatory failure caused by paralysis of the
nerves that control the size of the blood vessels, leading to widespread dilation; seen in patients
with spinal cord injuries.
hypovolemic shock - CORRECT ANSWER - shock resulting from blood or fluid loss
caused by bleeding/hemorrhage, severe vomiting, severe diarrhea, third-spacing
cardiogenic shock - CORRECT ANSWER - Shock caused by inadequate function of the
heart, or pump failure.
anaphylactic shock - CORRECT ANSWER - A severe reaction that occurs when an
allergen is introduced to the bloodstream of an allergic individual. Characterized by
bronchoconstriction, labored breathing, widespread vasodilation, circulatory shock, and
sometimes sudden death.
septic shock - CORRECT ANSWER - Shock caused by severe infection, usually a
bacterial infection.
,stages of shock - CORRECT ANSWER - -Compensated
-Decompensated
-Irreversible
what % of blood/fluid loss is hypovolemic shock? - CORRECT ANSWER - 15%
hypokalemia - CORRECT ANSWER - Low potassium levels in the blood.
hypokalemia s/s - CORRECT ANSWER - Fatigue, Anorexia, N/V, Muscle weakness,
Decreased GI motility, Dysrhythmias, Paresthesia, Flat T waves on ECG
which electrolytes relate to osmotic pressure? - CORRECT ANSWER - sodium, chloride,
potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphate
calciums role in the body - CORRECT ANSWER - - 99% of calcium in the body is found
in solid mineral deposits in the bones and teeth
- the remaining 1% is found in intracellular fluid, blood and extracellular fluid
- calcium found in the body's fluid plays a role in nerve transmission, muscle contractions, blood
pressure regulation and the release of hormones
hypercalcemia s/s - CORRECT ANSWER - Muscle weakness, Constipation, Anorexia,
N/V, Polyuria, Polydipsia, Neurosis, Dysrhythmias,
hypocalcemia s/s - CORRECT ANSWER - C.A.T.S.
C - Convulsions
A- Arrhythmias
T - Tetany (involuntary contraction of muscles)
S - Spasms and stridor
, sensible fluid loss - CORRECT ANSWER - Measurable and perceived; urine, diarrhea,
ostomy, gastric drainage.
insensible fluid loss - CORRECT ANSWER - Occurs daily through lungs and skin--cannot
be measured for accurate output
hypervolemia s/s - CORRECT ANSWER - -Hypertension
-Bounding pulse
-JVD
-Peripheral edema
-↑ urine output that is dilute
-Acute, rapid weight gain
-S3 heart sound in adults
-Bulging fontanels in infants
-Crackles on auscultation
-Dyspnea, cough and increased RR
-Mental status changes (headache, confusion, lethargy; seizures possible)
what is urine specific gravity? - CORRECT ANSWER - The ratio of weight of a given
volume of urine to the weight of the same volume of distilled water at a constant temperature
normal urine specific gravity - CORRECT ANSWER - 1.005 - 1.030
Dehydration - High (concentrated)
Overhydration - Low (dilute)
Diabetes insipidus - Low (inability to concentrate urine)
Diabetes mellitus - High (due to glucose in urine)
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) - Fixed, often around 1.010 (loss of concentration ability)
Proteinuria (e.g., nephrotic syndrome) - High
