NCTRC EXAM QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
1A1 Freud's Psychosexual development theory - Answer -0-2 Oral mouth sucking with
conflict weaning
2-4 Anal anus defacating toilet training
4-5 Phallic genitals oedipus complex
6- puberty Latency sexual sublimation through things like sports
puberty onward genital sexual feelings towards others
1a1 Erikson's stages of psychosocial development - Answer -oral sensory 0-1 trust vs
mistrust
musculo anal 1-3 autonomy vs shame and doubt
locomotor genital 3-5 initiative vs guilt
latency 6-11 industry vs inferiority
adolescence 12-18 industry vs role confusion
young adulthood 19-35 intamacy vs isolation
adulthood 35-50 generativity vs stagnation
maturity 50+ integrity vs despair
1a1 Piaget theory of cognitive development - Answer -Sensorimotor stage ( birth -24
months)
Preoperational stage (2-7) play activities help the child to understand life events and
relationships.
Concrete operational stage (7-11) concrete objects, logical thinking, incorporates
another's perspective.
Formal operational stage - (11 and older) abstract thinking.
Havinghurst theory of adult development - Answer -early adulthood find mate and start
a family
middle age adulthood civic and social responsibilities raise teens
late adulthood develop leisure activities retirement reduced income and more important
ties with peers.
Stress - Answer -relationships between person and environment that is taxing and
exceeds resources. imbalance between the demands and capability to adapt/cope with
individuals short or long term homeostasis.
stress coping - Answer -the process of dealing with stress to bring a person back to
equilibrium
four buffers to manage stress with recreation/leisure
1 sense of competence
2 nature and extent of exercise
3 sense of purpose
4 leisure activity
Two kinds of coping - Answer -problem focused
,emotion focused
attribution model - Answer -the process by which a person makes casual inferences to
what i attribute to my success and failures
how people formulate explanations for their success and failure - Answer -2 dimensions
stability
locus of control
involves four determinants of success or failure
ability (stable internal)
effort (unstable internal)
Task difficulty (stable external)
Luck (unstable external)
learned helplessness - Answer -perceived lack of control over events
occurs when people are exposed to repeatedly to uncontrollable events and begin to
learn responding is futile. They then cease looking for alternative means
perceived freedom - Answer -When a person does not feel forced or constrained to
participate & does not feel inhibited or limited by the environment. (LDB) The freedom to
choose your activity; feel competent; "I can do this"
intrinsic motivation - Answer -to do something for yourself
individuals are often intrinsically motivated toward behavior in which they can
experience competence and self-determination
locus of control internal - Answer -believe to largely control outcomes
possess the control to change
important or the individual to feel self directed or responsible be motivated toward
behavior in which they can experience competence and self determination
locus of control external - Answer -believe luck or the environment is responsible for
outcomes
low self esteem
self efficacy theory - Answer -is the measure of one's own competence to complete
tasks and reach goals. can be influences through:
performance accomplishments
vicarious experiences
persuasion
physiological arousal
performance accomplishments - Answer -the client performs and an action and derives
the desired outcome. Strongest influence on self efficacy beliefs. repeated success
builds competence. practice.
,Leisure efficacy - Answer -to meet your own leisure needs, benefits from good
circumstances.
you need repertoire of skills to be self capable
meet own needs/goals
experiential learning model - Answer -the process of making meaning from direct
experience. the experience can be staged or left open.
staged experiential learning is often called - Answer -dynamic learning experience
(DLE)
Kolb's Experiential Learning Model - Answer -Act (concrete experience, facts what
happened, theory of action) -> reflect (reflective observation, feelings what did I
experience, assess behavior and consequences) -> Conceptualize (abstract
conceptualization, findings why did this happen, revise theory) -> Apply (active
experimentation, futures what will I do, implement revised theory) -> beginning
Neulinger's Theory of Leisure - Answer -a psychological state of mind then
encompasses freedom of choice and internal motivation. individuals are in a state of
leisure if they believe they have freedom to chose activities ans are motivated by an
activity for its own sake not consequences
Attitude model - Answer -learned predisposition to respond consistently favorable and
unfavorable manner.
Beliefs, attitudes, intention, and behavior.
Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) - Answer -can predict actions based on how others
will view them and personal attitude.
TRA attitude - Answer -concerns a person's belief that their behavior will produce a
beneficial outcome
subjective norm - Answer -whether key people in the person's life support the behavior,
and whether
the subject Is inclined to agree with them
Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) - Answer -a persons intention of doing something is
the main factor in determining if they will do.
Perceived behavioral control: whether the person believes he can control the conditions
necessary for change to occur
health belief model - Answer -1. The person believe that the condition which the
behavior will address is a threat
2. The person is prompted to perform the behavior, either by people or by messages
3. The person is confident he is able to carry out the behavior
, 4. The person believes that the benefits of doing the specified behavior outweigh the
negatives
Health - Answer -defined by WHO as a state of complete physical mental and social
well being
Transtheoretical Model - Answer -precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action,
maintenance
Pre-contemplation - Answer -client does not think they have a problem. Interventions
would involve making him/her aware of the problems
contemplation - Answer -client admits a problem but is still not sure if he/she wants to
change. interventions would include encouraging the subject to make specific plans to
change
Preperation - Answer -client realizes a neet to change and gathers information.
Interventions would include setting goals awareness of the positives vs negatives of
change
action - Answer -client follow a plan for change behaviors. interventions involve
providing feedback support
maitenance - Answer -client sees the benefits of the new behaviors interventions
including heling in case of relapse. continues feedback and support
termination - Answer -the client can't imagine ever doing the old behavior. interventions
include provide help when needed and continuing to offer support
Social cognitive theory - Answer -follows the realization that people learn by watching
others. behavior is influenced by the characteristics of the person, characteristics of the
behaviors, and the environment in which the behavior would take place.
reciprocal determinism - Answer -the interacting influences of behavior, internal
cognition, and environment
Social cognitive theory behavior change is most likely to occur - Answer -if the person
has self efficacy or the confidence to do something, behavioral capability the skills and
knowledge to do the behavior, outcome expectance belief that the outcome of behavior
will be beneficial
diffusion of innovation theory - Answer -Explains how a new idea or product gains
acceptance and diffuses (or spreads) through a specific population or subset of an
organization
1A1 Freud's Psychosexual development theory - Answer -0-2 Oral mouth sucking with
conflict weaning
2-4 Anal anus defacating toilet training
4-5 Phallic genitals oedipus complex
6- puberty Latency sexual sublimation through things like sports
puberty onward genital sexual feelings towards others
1a1 Erikson's stages of psychosocial development - Answer -oral sensory 0-1 trust vs
mistrust
musculo anal 1-3 autonomy vs shame and doubt
locomotor genital 3-5 initiative vs guilt
latency 6-11 industry vs inferiority
adolescence 12-18 industry vs role confusion
young adulthood 19-35 intamacy vs isolation
adulthood 35-50 generativity vs stagnation
maturity 50+ integrity vs despair
1a1 Piaget theory of cognitive development - Answer -Sensorimotor stage ( birth -24
months)
Preoperational stage (2-7) play activities help the child to understand life events and
relationships.
Concrete operational stage (7-11) concrete objects, logical thinking, incorporates
another's perspective.
Formal operational stage - (11 and older) abstract thinking.
Havinghurst theory of adult development - Answer -early adulthood find mate and start
a family
middle age adulthood civic and social responsibilities raise teens
late adulthood develop leisure activities retirement reduced income and more important
ties with peers.
Stress - Answer -relationships between person and environment that is taxing and
exceeds resources. imbalance between the demands and capability to adapt/cope with
individuals short or long term homeostasis.
stress coping - Answer -the process of dealing with stress to bring a person back to
equilibrium
four buffers to manage stress with recreation/leisure
1 sense of competence
2 nature and extent of exercise
3 sense of purpose
4 leisure activity
Two kinds of coping - Answer -problem focused
,emotion focused
attribution model - Answer -the process by which a person makes casual inferences to
what i attribute to my success and failures
how people formulate explanations for their success and failure - Answer -2 dimensions
stability
locus of control
involves four determinants of success or failure
ability (stable internal)
effort (unstable internal)
Task difficulty (stable external)
Luck (unstable external)
learned helplessness - Answer -perceived lack of control over events
occurs when people are exposed to repeatedly to uncontrollable events and begin to
learn responding is futile. They then cease looking for alternative means
perceived freedom - Answer -When a person does not feel forced or constrained to
participate & does not feel inhibited or limited by the environment. (LDB) The freedom to
choose your activity; feel competent; "I can do this"
intrinsic motivation - Answer -to do something for yourself
individuals are often intrinsically motivated toward behavior in which they can
experience competence and self-determination
locus of control internal - Answer -believe to largely control outcomes
possess the control to change
important or the individual to feel self directed or responsible be motivated toward
behavior in which they can experience competence and self determination
locus of control external - Answer -believe luck or the environment is responsible for
outcomes
low self esteem
self efficacy theory - Answer -is the measure of one's own competence to complete
tasks and reach goals. can be influences through:
performance accomplishments
vicarious experiences
persuasion
physiological arousal
performance accomplishments - Answer -the client performs and an action and derives
the desired outcome. Strongest influence on self efficacy beliefs. repeated success
builds competence. practice.
,Leisure efficacy - Answer -to meet your own leisure needs, benefits from good
circumstances.
you need repertoire of skills to be self capable
meet own needs/goals
experiential learning model - Answer -the process of making meaning from direct
experience. the experience can be staged or left open.
staged experiential learning is often called - Answer -dynamic learning experience
(DLE)
Kolb's Experiential Learning Model - Answer -Act (concrete experience, facts what
happened, theory of action) -> reflect (reflective observation, feelings what did I
experience, assess behavior and consequences) -> Conceptualize (abstract
conceptualization, findings why did this happen, revise theory) -> Apply (active
experimentation, futures what will I do, implement revised theory) -> beginning
Neulinger's Theory of Leisure - Answer -a psychological state of mind then
encompasses freedom of choice and internal motivation. individuals are in a state of
leisure if they believe they have freedom to chose activities ans are motivated by an
activity for its own sake not consequences
Attitude model - Answer -learned predisposition to respond consistently favorable and
unfavorable manner.
Beliefs, attitudes, intention, and behavior.
Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) - Answer -can predict actions based on how others
will view them and personal attitude.
TRA attitude - Answer -concerns a person's belief that their behavior will produce a
beneficial outcome
subjective norm - Answer -whether key people in the person's life support the behavior,
and whether
the subject Is inclined to agree with them
Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) - Answer -a persons intention of doing something is
the main factor in determining if they will do.
Perceived behavioral control: whether the person believes he can control the conditions
necessary for change to occur
health belief model - Answer -1. The person believe that the condition which the
behavior will address is a threat
2. The person is prompted to perform the behavior, either by people or by messages
3. The person is confident he is able to carry out the behavior
, 4. The person believes that the benefits of doing the specified behavior outweigh the
negatives
Health - Answer -defined by WHO as a state of complete physical mental and social
well being
Transtheoretical Model - Answer -precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action,
maintenance
Pre-contemplation - Answer -client does not think they have a problem. Interventions
would involve making him/her aware of the problems
contemplation - Answer -client admits a problem but is still not sure if he/she wants to
change. interventions would include encouraging the subject to make specific plans to
change
Preperation - Answer -client realizes a neet to change and gathers information.
Interventions would include setting goals awareness of the positives vs negatives of
change
action - Answer -client follow a plan for change behaviors. interventions involve
providing feedback support
maitenance - Answer -client sees the benefits of the new behaviors interventions
including heling in case of relapse. continues feedback and support
termination - Answer -the client can't imagine ever doing the old behavior. interventions
include provide help when needed and continuing to offer support
Social cognitive theory - Answer -follows the realization that people learn by watching
others. behavior is influenced by the characteristics of the person, characteristics of the
behaviors, and the environment in which the behavior would take place.
reciprocal determinism - Answer -the interacting influences of behavior, internal
cognition, and environment
Social cognitive theory behavior change is most likely to occur - Answer -if the person
has self efficacy or the confidence to do something, behavioral capability the skills and
knowledge to do the behavior, outcome expectance belief that the outcome of behavior
will be beneficial
diffusion of innovation theory - Answer -Explains how a new idea or product gains
acceptance and diffuses (or spreads) through a specific population or subset of an
organization
