American History Alan Brinkley
Chapters 1-3 Test Bank Questions and
Already Passed Answers.
Cotton Mather - Answer Puritan Theologian who heard, from his slave, of practice of
deliberately infecting people with mild smallpox to establish resistance. Through his
recommendations to friends and Bostonians during epidemic of 1720s, this method of
inoculation was popularized first. By mid-18th century, it was more so, becoming common
medical practice
Covenant - Answer Structure of towns in Puritan New England, binding its residents in a
religious and social commitment; included village houses and a meetinghouse arranged around
a central area called a common; outlying fields and woodlands was also divided; more people in
a family received more land, but all were close to one another to foster a sense of community
George Whitefield - Answer Open air preacher, influential in Great Awakening, later became
leader of Calvinist Methodists after John Wesley. Made evangelistic tours through the colonies
and drew large crowds
Great Awakening - Answer Revival of religious fervor and belief in the colonies, started out of
concern of declining piety and growing secularism in many regions in members of many faiths in
the early 18th century. Purposefully made to appeal to women (majority of converts) and young
sons (those who would inherit land, etc.) Emphasized the potential for everyone to break away
from constraints of the past, start life anew in their relationship with God (perhaps similar to
those with wish to break away from their families, etc.) John and Charles Wesley helped spread
it (who founded Mass.)
Gullah - Answer A hybrid language of English and African used to communicate between
slaves so that white masters couldn't understand
Huguenots - Answer French Calvinists; early, non-English immigrants to New England after
Edict of Nantes(est. 1598) which allowed them to basically establish a state w/in Roman
Catholic France, was revoked in 1685, to which they began leaving (300,000 left in following
decades)
Indentured Servitude - Answer Temporary Servanthood in New World. Work for master for 4-5
years, receive passage, food, and shelter; after term were set free. Most were voluntary;
, Indigo - Answer West Indian plant which was source of blue dye in high demand in Europe.
Staple crop contributing strongly to South Car. economy as it could be grown on land unsuitable
for rice cultivation. Became a popular export.
Jeremiad - Answer Puritan sermons of despair, deploring the signs of waning piety to the
church, and the lessening of its power and influence
John and Charles Wesley - Answer Founders of Methodism, powerful evangelists from
England, were influential in Great Awakening of believers in the Colonies
John Peter Zenger - Answer New York publisher trialed for criticizing the government,
defended and changed policy for freedom of press, change in legal philosophy that was subtle
at the time, but influential in the long run.
Jonathan Edwards - Answer Deeply orthodox Puritan but original theologian, attacked
doctrines of easy salvation, preached Puritan ideals of absolute sovereignty of God,
predestination, and salvation ONLY by God's grace. Vividly described hell, was very influential in
the Great Awakening
Middle Passage - Answer "The journey to America"; describes the passage of slaves back and
forth from African colonies and slaveholders to the North American colonies, being cramped in
tiny spaces on ships, with varying conditions. Some were more spacious, some were packed so
tight that they could hardly breathe, some were victims of sexual abuse. Those who died on the
way were thrown overboard, those who survived had the difficulty of living in a new home
subjected to a master.
Primogeniture - Answer The passing of all inherited property to the firstborn son. Did not take
root in New England as it did in England. Instead, a father divided his land among all his sons
equally, as an inheritance. Young women were more mobile than their brothers, as they did not
inherit land and weren't tied down in that way
Saugus Ironworks - Answer Ironworks established in _______, Massachusetts; 'first' effort to
establish a significant metals industry in the colonies. Was a financial failure; began operating
1646, ceased operations in 1668
Scots-Irish - Answer Scottish Presbyterians who had settled in northern Ireland (in province of
Ulster) in early 17th cent. Had some economic, polit., cult. setbacks in years of early 18th cent.,
Parliament preventing trade with them, Eng. gov. prohibiting Presbyterian worship, after 1710
Chapters 1-3 Test Bank Questions and
Already Passed Answers.
Cotton Mather - Answer Puritan Theologian who heard, from his slave, of practice of
deliberately infecting people with mild smallpox to establish resistance. Through his
recommendations to friends and Bostonians during epidemic of 1720s, this method of
inoculation was popularized first. By mid-18th century, it was more so, becoming common
medical practice
Covenant - Answer Structure of towns in Puritan New England, binding its residents in a
religious and social commitment; included village houses and a meetinghouse arranged around
a central area called a common; outlying fields and woodlands was also divided; more people in
a family received more land, but all were close to one another to foster a sense of community
George Whitefield - Answer Open air preacher, influential in Great Awakening, later became
leader of Calvinist Methodists after John Wesley. Made evangelistic tours through the colonies
and drew large crowds
Great Awakening - Answer Revival of religious fervor and belief in the colonies, started out of
concern of declining piety and growing secularism in many regions in members of many faiths in
the early 18th century. Purposefully made to appeal to women (majority of converts) and young
sons (those who would inherit land, etc.) Emphasized the potential for everyone to break away
from constraints of the past, start life anew in their relationship with God (perhaps similar to
those with wish to break away from their families, etc.) John and Charles Wesley helped spread
it (who founded Mass.)
Gullah - Answer A hybrid language of English and African used to communicate between
slaves so that white masters couldn't understand
Huguenots - Answer French Calvinists; early, non-English immigrants to New England after
Edict of Nantes(est. 1598) which allowed them to basically establish a state w/in Roman
Catholic France, was revoked in 1685, to which they began leaving (300,000 left in following
decades)
Indentured Servitude - Answer Temporary Servanthood in New World. Work for master for 4-5
years, receive passage, food, and shelter; after term were set free. Most were voluntary;
, Indigo - Answer West Indian plant which was source of blue dye in high demand in Europe.
Staple crop contributing strongly to South Car. economy as it could be grown on land unsuitable
for rice cultivation. Became a popular export.
Jeremiad - Answer Puritan sermons of despair, deploring the signs of waning piety to the
church, and the lessening of its power and influence
John and Charles Wesley - Answer Founders of Methodism, powerful evangelists from
England, were influential in Great Awakening of believers in the Colonies
John Peter Zenger - Answer New York publisher trialed for criticizing the government,
defended and changed policy for freedom of press, change in legal philosophy that was subtle
at the time, but influential in the long run.
Jonathan Edwards - Answer Deeply orthodox Puritan but original theologian, attacked
doctrines of easy salvation, preached Puritan ideals of absolute sovereignty of God,
predestination, and salvation ONLY by God's grace. Vividly described hell, was very influential in
the Great Awakening
Middle Passage - Answer "The journey to America"; describes the passage of slaves back and
forth from African colonies and slaveholders to the North American colonies, being cramped in
tiny spaces on ships, with varying conditions. Some were more spacious, some were packed so
tight that they could hardly breathe, some were victims of sexual abuse. Those who died on the
way were thrown overboard, those who survived had the difficulty of living in a new home
subjected to a master.
Primogeniture - Answer The passing of all inherited property to the firstborn son. Did not take
root in New England as it did in England. Instead, a father divided his land among all his sons
equally, as an inheritance. Young women were more mobile than their brothers, as they did not
inherit land and weren't tied down in that way
Saugus Ironworks - Answer Ironworks established in _______, Massachusetts; 'first' effort to
establish a significant metals industry in the colonies. Was a financial failure; began operating
1646, ceased operations in 1668
Scots-Irish - Answer Scottish Presbyterians who had settled in northern Ireland (in province of
Ulster) in early 17th cent. Had some economic, polit., cult. setbacks in years of early 18th cent.,
Parliament preventing trade with them, Eng. gov. prohibiting Presbyterian worship, after 1710
