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samenvatting immunologie 2

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immunologie
immunologie22
2025




Joelle Langendries
HoGent - BMLT
Immunologie 2 – Ann Willems

,Inhoudsopgave
1 HOOFDSTUK I: Inleiding tot het immuunsysteem .................................................................................................... 4
1.1 Het niet-specifieke of aangeboren immuunsysteem ................................................................................................ 4
1.2 Het specifieke, verworven of adaptieve immuunsysteem ....................................................................................... 6
1.2.1 De start van het specifiek immuunsysteem .................................................................................................. 6
1.2.2 De humorale immuunrespons ....................................................................................................................... 7
1.2.3 De cellulaire immuunrespons........................................................................................................................ 7
1.2.4 Kenmerken/essentiële eigenschappen van de specifieke immuunrespons................................................. 7
1.3 Een immuunrespons met niet-specifieke en specifieke componenten ..................................................................... 8

2 HOOFDSTUK II: Het niet-specifiek immuunsysteem meer in detail ........................................................................... 9
2.1 De onmiddellijke en vroeg-geïnduceerde respons ................................................................................................... 9
2.1.1 Het complement systeem ............................................................................................................................. 9
2.1.2 De cellulaire respons ................................................................................................................................... 13
2.1.3 De rol van cytokines of signaalmoleculen ................................................................................................... 16
2.2 Stamcellen............................................................................................................................................................. 23
2.2.1 Wat zijn stamcellen ..................................................................................................................................... 23
2.2.2 Pluripotente embryonale stamcellen.......................................................................................................... 24
2.2.3 Adulte multipotente stamcellen ................................................................................................................. 24
2.2.4 Geïnduceerde pluripotente stamcellen (iPS) .............................................................................................. 25
2.2.5 Transdifferentiatie somatische cellen.......................................................................................................... 25

3 HOOFDSTUK III: Antigeenpresentatie als start van het specifieke immuunsysteem ............................................... 26
3.1 Major Histo-compatibiliteitscomplex (MHC) ......................................................................................................... 26
3.1.1 De moleculaire structuur van MHC complexen .......................................................................................... 26
3.1.2 Functie van de MHC/HLA moleculen .......................................................................................................... 27
3.2 Genetische organisatie van het MHC (HLA) ........................................................................................................... 29

4 HOOFDSTUK IV: De lymfocyten en hun rol in het specifiek immuunsysteem.......................................................... 30
4.1 Ontwikkeling van de lymfocyten ........................................................................................................................... 30
4.2 T-lymfocyten ......................................................................................................................................................... 30
4.2.1 Verschillende soorten T-lymfocyten ............................................................................................................ 30
4.2.2 Antigeenherkenning via de antigeenreceptor of T-cel receptor (TCR)......................................................... 31
4.2.3 De ontwikkeling van de T-lymfocyt en de rol van de thymus....................................................................... 32
4.2.4 De moleculaire mechanismen van de T-lymfocytenactivatie ....................................................................... 34
4.3 De B-lymfocyten .................................................................................................................................................... 37
4.3.1 Antigeenherkenning door de B-lymfocyt .................................................................................................... 37
4.3.2 De ontwikkeling van de B-lymfocyt ............................................................................................................ 37
4.3.3 Activatie van naïeve B-lymfocyten .............................................................................................................. 38
4.3.4 T-cel afhankelijke activatie van de B-cel resulteert in: ............................................................................... 40
4.3.5 Functie geproduceerde ALà pathogenen opruimen = humorale immuunrespons .................................. 42
4.3.6 Het verloop van de antilichaamproductie ifv de tijd .................................................................................. 42
4.3.7 Persistentie van antilichamen in de bloedbaan of Immuungeheugen....................................................... 42
4.4 Cellulaire assays – meten van activatie immuuneffectorcellen ............................................................................ 42
4.4.1 Proliferatie assay ......................................................................................................................................... 43
4.4.2 Enzyme Linked ImmunoSpot (ELISpot) ....................................................................................................... 44

5 HOOFDSTUK V: gebruik van immuunproducten en het sturen van een immuunrespons ....................................... 45
5.1 Actieve en passieve immunisatie ........................................................................................................................... 45
5.1.1 Passieve immunotherapie ........................................................................................................................... 45
5.1.2 CAR-T immuuntherapie............................................................................................................................... 46
5.1.3 Actieve immunisatie of vaccinatie .............................................................................................................. 47
5.2 Monoklonale antilichamen: een sleuteltechniek ................................................................................................... 48
5.2.1 Inleiding ....................................................................................................................................................... 48
5.2.2 Productie van monoklonale antilichamen .................................................................................................. 48

2

, 5.2.3 Voordelen van monoklonale antilichamen (mAL) ...................................................................................... 49
5.2.4 Nadelen van monoklonale antilichamen .................................................................................................... 49
5.2.5 Toepassingen................................................................................................................................................ 50

6 HOOFDSTUK VI: Afwijkende reacties van het immuunsysteem .............................................................................. 51
6.1 Overgevoeligheidsreacties of allergieën ................................................................................................................ 51
6.1.1 Algemeen ..................................................................................................................................................... 51
6.1.2 Reacties van type 1, overgevoeligheidsreacties van het onmiddellijke type............................................. 51
6.2 Auto-immuunziekten (AIZ) .................................................................................................................................... 53
6.2.1 Inleiding ....................................................................................................................................................... 53
6.2.2 Mechanismen die aanleiding geven tot auto-immuunziektes ................................................................... 53
6.2.3 De genetische voorbestemdheid voor AIZ .................................................................................................. 55
6.2.4 Mechanismen van weefselbeschadiging ..................................................................................................... 56
6.2.5 Ziektebeelden .............................................................................................................................................. 57




3

,ysteem = verdedigingssysteem
(dendrietischecel) , chemische
utrofiel macrofaag ,
componenten complement systeem
1 HOOFDSTUK I: Inleiding tot het immuunsysteem
, ,

oeg onmi
ddelijker
ïnduceerde Respons
Respons (14h)
Ons immuunsysteem = verdedigingssysteem
NCI
On
Pi 0

aangeboren
W - uit de lever é ↓'

-


fysische
barrière

pje
9
FAGOCYTOSE
On Of
- r
vroeg
geïnduceerde
! GEVAAR ?
Respons




Ei
↳ ALARM :
Cytokines




eem = verdedigingssysteem
SPECIFIEK


STHz
zuren in I
I
neutrofiel
N

enzymes



B
COMPLEMENT
SYSTEEM

macrofaag (dendrietischecel) , chemische complement systeem
componenten
:

·
Terrecepteren
-
, Chemische ,
↳ onmi
ddelijker componenten
Respons ~ ii


nale
0
-




in
T1
immuun-

2 I Respons
TH1 CTL
NCI
On
Pi 0
-
Cellulaire

immuun
aangeboren
-




Respons

é ↓'
- Zeer complex
- Bescherming tegen ziekteverwekkers
-


fysische
o Lichaamseigen ↔ lichaamsvreemd
barrière (= TOLERANTIE)
9
o Gevaarlijk ↔ ongevaarlijk (= DANGER)
On Of FAGOCYTOSE
- r
vroeg
- 2 functioneel
! verschillende delen: GEVAAR ? geïnduceerde
Respons
o Niet-specifiek/aangeboren ↳ ALARM Cytokines

Ei
:




o Specifiek/verworven/adaptief SPECIFIEK


STHz
zuren in I
I
neutrofiel
N

enzymes



B
1.1 Het niet-specifieke of aangeboren immuunsysteem
COMPLEMENT
SYSTEEM
Mechanische componenten
·
:



Terrecepteren
-

Chemische

componenten
• Huid ~ ii


• Mucosa→ deeltjes gevangen in mucus; naleniezen, trilhaarbewegingen verwijderd
invia hoesten,
0
-




T1
immuun-
Respons
Chemische componenten 2 I

TH1 CTL
-
Cellulaire


• Lysozyme in lichaamsvochten (tranen, neussecreet, speeksel,...) = antibacterieel
immuun
-




Respons



• Zure laag van de huid (melkzuur en vetzuren geproduceerd door talgklieren) = antibacterieel
• Zuur maagsap = bacteriedodend
• Acute fase eiwitten
• Complement: zie later
• Interferon (IFN):bescherming virale infectie

Microbiologische componenten à Commensale darmflora: beschermend tegen potentiële
pathogenen

Cellulaire componenten

• Granulocyten en macrofagen: fagocyterende cellen
• Naturalkiller (NK) cellen: elimineren van viraal geïnfecteerde en/of getransformeerde cellen
(= kankercellen)




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