PAPER 1 GEOGRAPHY STATS + HAZARDS CASE STUDIES
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_h35phc
- temp 27c, 2000mm precip
CS - TRF The Amazon - amazon covers 40% of south America, 400 bill trees
- emits 28% of the worlds oxygen
- 50-80% of moisture remains in the amazon ecosystem
- average discharge from the amazon river is 175,000 m3/s
CS - TRF The Amazon water cycle
- 40% of sub sahran africa rainfall is created by moisture which
has been recycled.
- Absorbs 2.2 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide per year, emits 1.9
tonnes through decomposition and respiration
- Deforestation accounts for approx 20% of ghg emmissions
CS - TRF The Amazon carbon cycle
- estimated 400 mil tonnes of carbon enter the atmosphere by
traditonal deforestation, an additional 100 mil tonnes is produced
by selective logging
changes due to deforestation which is for:
1. Agriculture- 80% of deforestation
2. Logging- selective can be better but often clearcutting
3. Road building- increasing threat to forest as making it more
accessible- new road BR163 running 1700km is being built
4. Mineral extraction- 10% of forest loss- estimated over 20,000
CS - TRF The Amazon human activities
illegal mines
5. Energy development- 150 HEP dams planned, but power is
often used for mining- Belo Monte dam built in 2016 generates
11,000 Mw
6. Population growth- brazil amazon population grew by 23% from
2000-10
- 4c of temp increase could cause 85% of amazon to die
- there were efforts to restore 3.2 million ha by 2020
- brazil PM changed form bolsonaro to Lula da Silva who has a
CS - TRF The Amazon management
goal of protecting the forests
- Environmental laws have been put in place to ban excessive
logging land owners must keep 50-80% as forest
COP 26
- £16 bil pledged
- more than 100 world leaders will promise to end and reverse
deforestation by 2030
CS - TRF agreements
New York Declaration on Forests (2014)
- target of no deforestation by 2030
- indonesia's env minister stated "development must not stop in
the name of carbon emissions or deforestation"
- south east of devon
- flows for 82.7km from the exmoor hills to exmouth, joins the
CS - River Exe english channel
- 85% of the catchment is impermeable sandstone
- max elevation is 514m and lowest is 26m -> steep gradient
67% agricultural land only 4.5% urban (exeter)
CS - River Exe human activities - urbanisation (small influence but cld grow in future)
- agriculture (historic deforestation =big impact)
- moorland restoration
----> moorlands act as a sponge, slowing flow of river. - cost £4.5
million covering 3000ha. drainage ditches blocked = regulated flow
of river, atenuates the regime
CS - River Exe management - wimbleball reservoir
-----> created in 1979 by damming the river Haddeo (tributary of
the river exe). - Huge water store, 120 million litres, 150 hectares
surface area. supplies Exeter with water which is abstracted.
- Re-introduction of beavers Jan 2020
River Nar - general
, PAPER 1 GEOGRAPHY STATS + HAZARDS CASE STUDIES
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_h35phc
north-west Norfolkjoins onto 'the wash' whcih is a low lying coastal
area prone to flooding
- chalk in upper catchment
- 42km
- SSSI covering 180 ha
link to globalisation
- WWF Coca-cola restoration project is working with the Norfolk
river trust to restore the river to its natural state.
- geology is chalk and sandstone (Permeable)
- source is 60m above sea level
River Nar - physical characteristics - catchment area is 260km^2
- annual rainfall = 600mm (vs uk average of 855mm)- high base
flow index (BFI)
agriculture
- 75% of the land use is arable land
- livestock damages the river through algeal blooms, adds sedi-
ment with a fluvial survey finding that in a single summer strom 6
tons of sediemtn flowed into the river per hour
River Nar - human influences
abstraction
- water is abstracted for public use, irrigation, and fish farms
- has been found to reduced flow in the river by half in drought
years
- establishment of IPCC 1988
- Kyoto 1997 set targets for countries to reduce GG. not all devel-
oped countries joined (USA) and not legally binding
- the paris agreement 2015, 195 countries adopted their first
legally binding climate deal to keep temp below 1.5 degrees above
Mitigating climate change - political initiatives
pre industrial
----> REDD + is a UN reducing emissions from deforestation/for-
est degradation in developing countries. est that forest degra-
dation accounts for 11% of co2 emissions. forest conservation
and restoration can provide more than 1/4 of emission reductions
needed in the next 2 decades.
Cap and Trade
- 28 members of the EU operate the EU emissions trading system
-> trades GG. countries are fined
Mitigating climate change - national frameworks
Bilateral commitments
- 2014 USA and china secretly negotiated a deal. china agreed to
cap its emissions by 2030 and us agreed to reduce emissions by
27% by 2025.
-in peak abstractoin in the 1960s water level dropped 88m below
SL extracted from boreholes/wells that penetrate down to the
chalk for human consumption
short term impacts = lower water table, disrupt ecosystem, costly
water abstraction - london basin
long term impacts = depletion of aquifers storage capacity, degra-
dation of water quality (salinity/pollution)
- water abstraction plan in 2017 is a 3 part plan set out to sustain-
ably water abstract
- total cost of project was $1.3bil, recieved 240 mil from federal gov
- start date was october 2014 for building, fully operational by end
of 2016
carbon capture and storage - boundary dam, canada
- total of 757,000 tonnes of CO2 has been captured since 2014
- fairly effective, but operated at 40% capacity due to maintenance
issues
oceanic water contains 97% of earths water
other general water and carbon stats
hydrosphere is the largest store of water
, PAPER 1 GEOGRAPHY STATS + HAZARDS CASE STUDIES
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_h35phc
Low energy - Chesapeake Bay
- avg depth is 9m -> reduces wave energy due to more friction
- small tidal range of 1.7m
Example of a low energy and high energy coastline - barrier islands formed due to deposition
- due to morphology fetch is limited
High energy - Holderness Coast
there are 11 sediment cells on uk coastline
Example of a sediment cell Shoreham harbour to Beachy head is an example on the south
east coast
- 80% of the country is low lying
- 30% live in coastal zone
- around 145 million people located closed to the river
CS - The Sundarbans, Bangladesh - 80% of bangladesh lies on a floodplain.
mangroves can grow up to 25mcover 0.1% of the earths surface-
capture and store x5 more carbon than terrestrial rainforests
mitigation
- since 2013, the $400mil coastal embankment improvement pro-
ject (CEIP) (funded by the world bank) upgraded 130.58km of
embankments. protects 180,000 from cyclones
- in the past 3 years, the NGO 'Friendship' has planted half a million
trees on 200 hectares of the coast
CS - The Sundarbans - mitigation, resilience, adaptation resilience
the World Banks multipurpose disaster shelter project (MDSP)
have constructed over 550km of evacuation roads since 2015
adaptation
the world banks multipupose disaster shelter project (MDSP) has
built 552 new shelter and improved 450 existing shelters since
2015.
1.2m deep foundations for Marina costed £2.2mil alone.covers
CS - Sussex Coast - Brighton Marina
127 acresonly has 0.3m erosion annually
hold the lineBreakwater was built in 1791 and they have been
CS - Sussex Coast - Newhaven
beach recycling since 1936
hold the line50 groynes built due to tourism in 1900in 1987, a
massive beach replenishment of 3 million tonnes of shingle was
CS - Sussex Coast - Seaford dredged from sea banks off the Isle of Wighthas a population
of 27,000 ppl noweach year 50,000 tonnes tonnes of shingle is
recycled a put at the western end of the beach
no active interventionerodes 30-35cm annuallyalmost 7000
CS - Sussex Coast - Birling Gap homes in england and wales are expected to fall into the sea in
the coming decades
natural and man made defences here currently protect 10,000
properties
the project to protect this stretch of coastline begun in 2000 and
had an initial budget of £30 million
lorries transport 5000m^3 of sediment annually
Pevensey Bay, East Sussex
20,000m^3 of sediment is dredged from the sea flood to replace
the lost sediment. it is also placed on the beach
groynes here are left and if they break the wood is used to
strengthen the other groynes. instead of restoring 150 groynes
(which would have costed £12mil)
Impacts of rising sea levels in Bangladesh
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_h35phc
- temp 27c, 2000mm precip
CS - TRF The Amazon - amazon covers 40% of south America, 400 bill trees
- emits 28% of the worlds oxygen
- 50-80% of moisture remains in the amazon ecosystem
- average discharge from the amazon river is 175,000 m3/s
CS - TRF The Amazon water cycle
- 40% of sub sahran africa rainfall is created by moisture which
has been recycled.
- Absorbs 2.2 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide per year, emits 1.9
tonnes through decomposition and respiration
- Deforestation accounts for approx 20% of ghg emmissions
CS - TRF The Amazon carbon cycle
- estimated 400 mil tonnes of carbon enter the atmosphere by
traditonal deforestation, an additional 100 mil tonnes is produced
by selective logging
changes due to deforestation which is for:
1. Agriculture- 80% of deforestation
2. Logging- selective can be better but often clearcutting
3. Road building- increasing threat to forest as making it more
accessible- new road BR163 running 1700km is being built
4. Mineral extraction- 10% of forest loss- estimated over 20,000
CS - TRF The Amazon human activities
illegal mines
5. Energy development- 150 HEP dams planned, but power is
often used for mining- Belo Monte dam built in 2016 generates
11,000 Mw
6. Population growth- brazil amazon population grew by 23% from
2000-10
- 4c of temp increase could cause 85% of amazon to die
- there were efforts to restore 3.2 million ha by 2020
- brazil PM changed form bolsonaro to Lula da Silva who has a
CS - TRF The Amazon management
goal of protecting the forests
- Environmental laws have been put in place to ban excessive
logging land owners must keep 50-80% as forest
COP 26
- £16 bil pledged
- more than 100 world leaders will promise to end and reverse
deforestation by 2030
CS - TRF agreements
New York Declaration on Forests (2014)
- target of no deforestation by 2030
- indonesia's env minister stated "development must not stop in
the name of carbon emissions or deforestation"
- south east of devon
- flows for 82.7km from the exmoor hills to exmouth, joins the
CS - River Exe english channel
- 85% of the catchment is impermeable sandstone
- max elevation is 514m and lowest is 26m -> steep gradient
67% agricultural land only 4.5% urban (exeter)
CS - River Exe human activities - urbanisation (small influence but cld grow in future)
- agriculture (historic deforestation =big impact)
- moorland restoration
----> moorlands act as a sponge, slowing flow of river. - cost £4.5
million covering 3000ha. drainage ditches blocked = regulated flow
of river, atenuates the regime
CS - River Exe management - wimbleball reservoir
-----> created in 1979 by damming the river Haddeo (tributary of
the river exe). - Huge water store, 120 million litres, 150 hectares
surface area. supplies Exeter with water which is abstracted.
- Re-introduction of beavers Jan 2020
River Nar - general
, PAPER 1 GEOGRAPHY STATS + HAZARDS CASE STUDIES
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_h35phc
north-west Norfolkjoins onto 'the wash' whcih is a low lying coastal
area prone to flooding
- chalk in upper catchment
- 42km
- SSSI covering 180 ha
link to globalisation
- WWF Coca-cola restoration project is working with the Norfolk
river trust to restore the river to its natural state.
- geology is chalk and sandstone (Permeable)
- source is 60m above sea level
River Nar - physical characteristics - catchment area is 260km^2
- annual rainfall = 600mm (vs uk average of 855mm)- high base
flow index (BFI)
agriculture
- 75% of the land use is arable land
- livestock damages the river through algeal blooms, adds sedi-
ment with a fluvial survey finding that in a single summer strom 6
tons of sediemtn flowed into the river per hour
River Nar - human influences
abstraction
- water is abstracted for public use, irrigation, and fish farms
- has been found to reduced flow in the river by half in drought
years
- establishment of IPCC 1988
- Kyoto 1997 set targets for countries to reduce GG. not all devel-
oped countries joined (USA) and not legally binding
- the paris agreement 2015, 195 countries adopted their first
legally binding climate deal to keep temp below 1.5 degrees above
Mitigating climate change - political initiatives
pre industrial
----> REDD + is a UN reducing emissions from deforestation/for-
est degradation in developing countries. est that forest degra-
dation accounts for 11% of co2 emissions. forest conservation
and restoration can provide more than 1/4 of emission reductions
needed in the next 2 decades.
Cap and Trade
- 28 members of the EU operate the EU emissions trading system
-> trades GG. countries are fined
Mitigating climate change - national frameworks
Bilateral commitments
- 2014 USA and china secretly negotiated a deal. china agreed to
cap its emissions by 2030 and us agreed to reduce emissions by
27% by 2025.
-in peak abstractoin in the 1960s water level dropped 88m below
SL extracted from boreholes/wells that penetrate down to the
chalk for human consumption
short term impacts = lower water table, disrupt ecosystem, costly
water abstraction - london basin
long term impacts = depletion of aquifers storage capacity, degra-
dation of water quality (salinity/pollution)
- water abstraction plan in 2017 is a 3 part plan set out to sustain-
ably water abstract
- total cost of project was $1.3bil, recieved 240 mil from federal gov
- start date was october 2014 for building, fully operational by end
of 2016
carbon capture and storage - boundary dam, canada
- total of 757,000 tonnes of CO2 has been captured since 2014
- fairly effective, but operated at 40% capacity due to maintenance
issues
oceanic water contains 97% of earths water
other general water and carbon stats
hydrosphere is the largest store of water
, PAPER 1 GEOGRAPHY STATS + HAZARDS CASE STUDIES
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_h35phc
Low energy - Chesapeake Bay
- avg depth is 9m -> reduces wave energy due to more friction
- small tidal range of 1.7m
Example of a low energy and high energy coastline - barrier islands formed due to deposition
- due to morphology fetch is limited
High energy - Holderness Coast
there are 11 sediment cells on uk coastline
Example of a sediment cell Shoreham harbour to Beachy head is an example on the south
east coast
- 80% of the country is low lying
- 30% live in coastal zone
- around 145 million people located closed to the river
CS - The Sundarbans, Bangladesh - 80% of bangladesh lies on a floodplain.
mangroves can grow up to 25mcover 0.1% of the earths surface-
capture and store x5 more carbon than terrestrial rainforests
mitigation
- since 2013, the $400mil coastal embankment improvement pro-
ject (CEIP) (funded by the world bank) upgraded 130.58km of
embankments. protects 180,000 from cyclones
- in the past 3 years, the NGO 'Friendship' has planted half a million
trees on 200 hectares of the coast
CS - The Sundarbans - mitigation, resilience, adaptation resilience
the World Banks multipurpose disaster shelter project (MDSP)
have constructed over 550km of evacuation roads since 2015
adaptation
the world banks multipupose disaster shelter project (MDSP) has
built 552 new shelter and improved 450 existing shelters since
2015.
1.2m deep foundations for Marina costed £2.2mil alone.covers
CS - Sussex Coast - Brighton Marina
127 acresonly has 0.3m erosion annually
hold the lineBreakwater was built in 1791 and they have been
CS - Sussex Coast - Newhaven
beach recycling since 1936
hold the line50 groynes built due to tourism in 1900in 1987, a
massive beach replenishment of 3 million tonnes of shingle was
CS - Sussex Coast - Seaford dredged from sea banks off the Isle of Wighthas a population
of 27,000 ppl noweach year 50,000 tonnes tonnes of shingle is
recycled a put at the western end of the beach
no active interventionerodes 30-35cm annuallyalmost 7000
CS - Sussex Coast - Birling Gap homes in england and wales are expected to fall into the sea in
the coming decades
natural and man made defences here currently protect 10,000
properties
the project to protect this stretch of coastline begun in 2000 and
had an initial budget of £30 million
lorries transport 5000m^3 of sediment annually
Pevensey Bay, East Sussex
20,000m^3 of sediment is dredged from the sea flood to replace
the lost sediment. it is also placed on the beach
groynes here are left and if they break the wood is used to
strengthen the other groynes. instead of restoring 150 groynes
(which would have costed £12mil)
Impacts of rising sea levels in Bangladesh
