PAPER 2 GEOGRAPHY STATS
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ggyt7u
Area = 13.8 million kmsq (= 58x size of UK)
- 98% covered by ice
- Ice averages 1.6km thick
- Antarctica has 70% of worlds freshwater and 90% of worlds ice
- 7 countries with territorial claims
CS - Antarctica Climate and Ecosystem
- Classified as a polar desert as it receives less than 50mm of rain
per year
- Average temperature is -50C but can reach as low as -89C
- Mean annual wind speeds of 50mph
- short food chains with filter feeding mammals
- oceans are not as protected as the landmass
- Meeting of warm surface water from North with cold Antarctic
water
- Located at 60 degrees south
Antarctica Convergence
- South of convergence sea temp drops by 3-5 degrees
- Upwelling of currents brings (keystone species) krill
- Increased bird species
Climate change
- A long term threat
- Since the 1950s 28,000km2 of ice shelf has been lost which is
equivalent to uk water requirement for 1000 years
- 55% of loss is due to warmer oceans melting ice from below
- Contributes to 0.16mm of global sea level rise per year
Mineral exploitation
- Silver, gold, uranium, manganese, coal are some of the mineral
found under Antarctica
- The Madrid Protocol 1998 prohibits mining but is up for review in
2048, by which point many of these minerals may be in increasing
demand
tourism/research
- Tourism accounts for 67% of visits
- Scientific research accounts for 21%In the 2019/20 season
70,000 people visited
- Ships from 1,500 ports visit antarctica = potential to bring inva-
sive species
- Biofouling can occur with species such as mussels, barnacles
Antarctica threats (6) and algae attaching themselves to ships
- Ecosystems not used to new species have been maintained as
they are for 15-30 million years
- Sinking of MS explorer in 2007 disrupted environment as it
caused an oil spill of 50,000 gallons
Sealing
- Culled for fur in 18th and 19th centuries
- By 20th century regarded as extinct
- Seal is now protected by CITES in appendix 2
Whaling
- Began in early 1900 by 1910 50% of whale from - Antarctica
International Whaling Commission established in 1946
- In 1986 all commercial whaling was suspended
- Whales low reproduction rate means cannot replenish population
easily
Fishing
- The convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living
Resources (CCAMLR) began in 1982 as a part of the Antarctic
treaty to try to regulate exploitative practices
, PAPER 2 GEOGRAPHY STATS
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ggyt7u
- Krill has been growing in demand with increase of 110,000
tonnes form 1999 to 2010 (link to aquaculture) but CCAMLR has
been effective in setting catch limits
Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC)
- Formed in 1978
- Aim was to convince governments of members of AT to prevent
mineral exploitation
- ASOC is present in meetings regarding the future of Antarctica
Antarctica Role of NGOs
CCAMLR
- Created in 1980 to protect marine populations specifically krill
- Responsible for researching, monitoring, and conservation of the
southern ocean
- Created the Ecosystem Monitoring Programme
- Bans all activity related to mineral resources
Antarctica Madrid Protocol 1991 - Added to regulations related to tourism (waste control, flora/fau-
na protection)
5th most traded agricultural commodity
$15 bil generated each year
India is the top producer w 30 mil tonnes
Ecuador is the largest exporter 6.6 million tonnes
CS - Banana Trade 85% of the price paid by the consumer stays in the importing coun-
try => banana growers get approx 20% of the price consumers
pay and workers get 4%
the lome convention allowed tariff free trade to the EU from coun-
tries that were previously colonised
us tncs controlled 75% of the bananas to eu. link to banana wars.
there are 119 certified cooperatives who are a part of fairtrade
it has increase household income in colombia by 35%
Fairtrade Premium Payments are designated money for the com-
munity —> amounted to $31 million
gives products an ethical USP
Banana Trade - fairtrade and the banana wars
Banana wars
- 1975 Lome Convention allows tariff free trade quotas to EU for
the 71 African, Carribean and Pacific ex colonies.
- US TNCs claimed it was unfair, despite controlling 75% of the EU
market and filed a complaint to the WTO
- WTO ruled in favour of the TNCs and US imposed sanctions
on EU imports. 2009 trade war ended following an agreement to
reduce tariffs.
Trading Relationships
, PAPER 2 GEOGRAPHY STATS
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ggyt7u
EU
- customs union
- 27 members who freely trade with one another. 85% of trade
within EU is intraregional
- bilateral agreements with EU and Aus, NZ, Japan
NAFTA 1994, became USMCA in 2018 by Trump
- US, Canada and Mexico
- In 2017, member economies generated $22 tril in GDP
- 5 mil jobs in the US due to increased manufacturing
- FDI more than tripled
- labour laws 40-45% vehicle parts must be made by ppl earning
at least $16/hr and in the US
---> Hyundai have moved their production to Mexico in response
to the 25% car tariff imports.
MERCOSUR 1991
- Latin America = Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, etc
- customs union, free trade
- non members have to pay tariffs
- trade partnerships with EU
- combined pop of 295mil and $3.5 tril
- in 2023, exports totalled $447bn, mostly being soybeans, crude
oil and ore concentrate
CHINA
- world's major trading power responsible for 20% of all global
exports and 15% imports
- raw materials from Latin America and sub Saharan Africa , man-
ufacture electronic goods to Europe and N America, Mercosur
Sub-Saharan Africa
- minimal intra-regional trade, language and cultural divisions
- exports: primary resources, energy and food
- lack of skilsl, infrastructure, corruption -> discourages investment
- china is the main trading partner, developing infrastructure and
connectivity
- The African Continent Free Trade Area (AfCFTA). 2018 the 5
main regional trade groups in Africa decided to work together.
worlds largest free trade area of 1.3 bil ppl. 54/55 nations have
signed this deal. purpose to increase intraregional trade which has
been historically low at around 16%
flows of labour - phillipino labour migration into HK
- foreign domestic helpers make up 5% of HK's pop
- remittances growing by 4.7% per yr since 2014
- devised this plan in 1974
- % of families below the poverty line dropped from 22% to 16%
flows of capital - tax havens
- store 8% of the world's wealth (£5.3 trillion)
- jersey, cayman islands
- Apple technology is own by apple in the cayman islands which
unequal flows
has a 0% tax rate
flows of ideas - language loss
- disappearance of languages such as Kiswahili in Kenya
- english is preffered as it connects people globally - internet is
mostly in egnlish
- loss of langauges loses konwlegde
flows of technology - M Pesa
- SMS based banking in Kenya and Tanzania
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ggyt7u
Area = 13.8 million kmsq (= 58x size of UK)
- 98% covered by ice
- Ice averages 1.6km thick
- Antarctica has 70% of worlds freshwater and 90% of worlds ice
- 7 countries with territorial claims
CS - Antarctica Climate and Ecosystem
- Classified as a polar desert as it receives less than 50mm of rain
per year
- Average temperature is -50C but can reach as low as -89C
- Mean annual wind speeds of 50mph
- short food chains with filter feeding mammals
- oceans are not as protected as the landmass
- Meeting of warm surface water from North with cold Antarctic
water
- Located at 60 degrees south
Antarctica Convergence
- South of convergence sea temp drops by 3-5 degrees
- Upwelling of currents brings (keystone species) krill
- Increased bird species
Climate change
- A long term threat
- Since the 1950s 28,000km2 of ice shelf has been lost which is
equivalent to uk water requirement for 1000 years
- 55% of loss is due to warmer oceans melting ice from below
- Contributes to 0.16mm of global sea level rise per year
Mineral exploitation
- Silver, gold, uranium, manganese, coal are some of the mineral
found under Antarctica
- The Madrid Protocol 1998 prohibits mining but is up for review in
2048, by which point many of these minerals may be in increasing
demand
tourism/research
- Tourism accounts for 67% of visits
- Scientific research accounts for 21%In the 2019/20 season
70,000 people visited
- Ships from 1,500 ports visit antarctica = potential to bring inva-
sive species
- Biofouling can occur with species such as mussels, barnacles
Antarctica threats (6) and algae attaching themselves to ships
- Ecosystems not used to new species have been maintained as
they are for 15-30 million years
- Sinking of MS explorer in 2007 disrupted environment as it
caused an oil spill of 50,000 gallons
Sealing
- Culled for fur in 18th and 19th centuries
- By 20th century regarded as extinct
- Seal is now protected by CITES in appendix 2
Whaling
- Began in early 1900 by 1910 50% of whale from - Antarctica
International Whaling Commission established in 1946
- In 1986 all commercial whaling was suspended
- Whales low reproduction rate means cannot replenish population
easily
Fishing
- The convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living
Resources (CCAMLR) began in 1982 as a part of the Antarctic
treaty to try to regulate exploitative practices
, PAPER 2 GEOGRAPHY STATS
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ggyt7u
- Krill has been growing in demand with increase of 110,000
tonnes form 1999 to 2010 (link to aquaculture) but CCAMLR has
been effective in setting catch limits
Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition (ASOC)
- Formed in 1978
- Aim was to convince governments of members of AT to prevent
mineral exploitation
- ASOC is present in meetings regarding the future of Antarctica
Antarctica Role of NGOs
CCAMLR
- Created in 1980 to protect marine populations specifically krill
- Responsible for researching, monitoring, and conservation of the
southern ocean
- Created the Ecosystem Monitoring Programme
- Bans all activity related to mineral resources
Antarctica Madrid Protocol 1991 - Added to regulations related to tourism (waste control, flora/fau-
na protection)
5th most traded agricultural commodity
$15 bil generated each year
India is the top producer w 30 mil tonnes
Ecuador is the largest exporter 6.6 million tonnes
CS - Banana Trade 85% of the price paid by the consumer stays in the importing coun-
try => banana growers get approx 20% of the price consumers
pay and workers get 4%
the lome convention allowed tariff free trade to the EU from coun-
tries that were previously colonised
us tncs controlled 75% of the bananas to eu. link to banana wars.
there are 119 certified cooperatives who are a part of fairtrade
it has increase household income in colombia by 35%
Fairtrade Premium Payments are designated money for the com-
munity —> amounted to $31 million
gives products an ethical USP
Banana Trade - fairtrade and the banana wars
Banana wars
- 1975 Lome Convention allows tariff free trade quotas to EU for
the 71 African, Carribean and Pacific ex colonies.
- US TNCs claimed it was unfair, despite controlling 75% of the EU
market and filed a complaint to the WTO
- WTO ruled in favour of the TNCs and US imposed sanctions
on EU imports. 2009 trade war ended following an agreement to
reduce tariffs.
Trading Relationships
, PAPER 2 GEOGRAPHY STATS
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ggyt7u
EU
- customs union
- 27 members who freely trade with one another. 85% of trade
within EU is intraregional
- bilateral agreements with EU and Aus, NZ, Japan
NAFTA 1994, became USMCA in 2018 by Trump
- US, Canada and Mexico
- In 2017, member economies generated $22 tril in GDP
- 5 mil jobs in the US due to increased manufacturing
- FDI more than tripled
- labour laws 40-45% vehicle parts must be made by ppl earning
at least $16/hr and in the US
---> Hyundai have moved their production to Mexico in response
to the 25% car tariff imports.
MERCOSUR 1991
- Latin America = Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, etc
- customs union, free trade
- non members have to pay tariffs
- trade partnerships with EU
- combined pop of 295mil and $3.5 tril
- in 2023, exports totalled $447bn, mostly being soybeans, crude
oil and ore concentrate
CHINA
- world's major trading power responsible for 20% of all global
exports and 15% imports
- raw materials from Latin America and sub Saharan Africa , man-
ufacture electronic goods to Europe and N America, Mercosur
Sub-Saharan Africa
- minimal intra-regional trade, language and cultural divisions
- exports: primary resources, energy and food
- lack of skilsl, infrastructure, corruption -> discourages investment
- china is the main trading partner, developing infrastructure and
connectivity
- The African Continent Free Trade Area (AfCFTA). 2018 the 5
main regional trade groups in Africa decided to work together.
worlds largest free trade area of 1.3 bil ppl. 54/55 nations have
signed this deal. purpose to increase intraregional trade which has
been historically low at around 16%
flows of labour - phillipino labour migration into HK
- foreign domestic helpers make up 5% of HK's pop
- remittances growing by 4.7% per yr since 2014
- devised this plan in 1974
- % of families below the poverty line dropped from 22% to 16%
flows of capital - tax havens
- store 8% of the world's wealth (£5.3 trillion)
- jersey, cayman islands
- Apple technology is own by apple in the cayman islands which
unequal flows
has a 0% tax rate
flows of ideas - language loss
- disappearance of languages such as Kiswahili in Kenya
- english is preffered as it connects people globally - internet is
mostly in egnlish
- loss of langauges loses konwlegde
flows of technology - M Pesa
- SMS based banking in Kenya and Tanzania
