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Rasmussen Pathophysiology Exam 2
Prep 2025/2026 – Questions, Answers,
And Test Bank
Causes of? diabetes mellitus, hypertension, urine obstructions, renal diseases,
renal artery stenosis, ongoing exposure to toxins and nephrotoxic medications,
sickle cell disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, smoking, advancing age. -
correct-answer-Chronic Kidney Disease
How many stages are there for Chronic Kidney Disease -correct-answer-5
Kidney damage is present, but GFR is > 90 -correct-answer-Stage I CKD
Kidney damage worsens as the GFR falls (60-89). -correct-answer-Stage II CKD
Kidney function is significantly impaired as GFR is between 30 and 59 -correct-
answer-Stage III CKD
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Kidney function is barely present with GFR dropping between 15 and 29 -correct-
answer-Stage IV CKD
Kidney failure as the GFR drops to less than 15 or the patient begins dialysis -
correct-answer-Stage V CKD
Manifestations of?: hypertension, polyuria with pale urine (early), oliguria or
anuria with dark-colored urine (late), anemia, bruising and bleeding tendencies,
muscle twitches and cramps, electrolyte imbalances, pericarditis, pericardial
effusion, pleuritis, and pleural effusion, congestive heart failure, respiratory
distress and abnormal breath sounds, sudden weight change, edema of the feet
and ankles, azotemia, peripheral neuropathy, restless leg syndrome, seizures,
nausea and vomiting, anorexia, malaise, fatigue and weakness, headaches that
seem unrelated to any other cause, sleep disturbances, decreased mental
alertness, flank pain, jaundice, persistent pruritus, recurrent infections -correct-
answer-Chronic Kidney Disease
Infection that has reached on or both kidneys -correct-answer-Pyelonephritis
E. coli is the most common culprit. Kidneys become grossly edematous and fill
with exudate, compressing the renal artery. Abscesses and necrosis can develop,
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impairing renal function and causing permanent damage. May be acute or chronic
-correct-answer-Pyelonephritis
Complications of?: renal failure, recurrent UTIs, and sepsis -correct-answer-
Pyelonephritis
Manifestations of?: severe UTI symptoms, flank pain, and increased blood
pressure -correct-answer-Pyelonephritis
Inflammation of the bladder. The bladder and urethra walls become red and
swollen -correct-answer-Cystitis
Causes of?: infection and irritants -correct-answer-Cystitis
Manifestations of?: UTI symptoms, abdominal pain, and pelvic pressure -correct-
answer-Cystitis
A condition in which the urethra, or the tube that carries urine from the bladder
to outside the body, becomes inflamed and irritated -correct-answer-Urethritis
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Inherited disorder characterized by numerous grape-like clusters of fluid-filled
cysts in both kidneys -correct-answer-Polycystic Kidney Disease
Cysts enlarge the kidneys while compressing and eventually replacing the
functional kidney tissue. The exact trigger is unknown. Prognosis and progression
vary widely depending on the type. -correct-answer-Polycystic Kidney Disease
What are the 2 types of Polycystic Kidney Disease? -correct-answer-Autosomal
Dominant PKD, Autosomal Recessive PKD
Mutation on the short arm of chromosomes 4 and 16. Occurs in both children and
adults, but is much more common in adults. Symptoms often do not show up until
middle age. -correct-answer-Autosomal Dominant PKD
Less common and more serious. Appears in infancy or childhood. Progresses
rapidly, resulting in end-stage kidney failure and generally causing death in infancy
or childhood. -correct-answer-Autosomal Recessive PKD
Rasmussen Pathophysiology Exam 2
Prep 2025/2026 – Questions, Answers,
And Test Bank
Causes of? diabetes mellitus, hypertension, urine obstructions, renal diseases,
renal artery stenosis, ongoing exposure to toxins and nephrotoxic medications,
sickle cell disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, smoking, advancing age. -
correct-answer-Chronic Kidney Disease
How many stages are there for Chronic Kidney Disease -correct-answer-5
Kidney damage is present, but GFR is > 90 -correct-answer-Stage I CKD
Kidney damage worsens as the GFR falls (60-89). -correct-answer-Stage II CKD
Kidney function is significantly impaired as GFR is between 30 and 59 -correct-
answer-Stage III CKD
,2|Page
Kidney function is barely present with GFR dropping between 15 and 29 -correct-
answer-Stage IV CKD
Kidney failure as the GFR drops to less than 15 or the patient begins dialysis -
correct-answer-Stage V CKD
Manifestations of?: hypertension, polyuria with pale urine (early), oliguria or
anuria with dark-colored urine (late), anemia, bruising and bleeding tendencies,
muscle twitches and cramps, electrolyte imbalances, pericarditis, pericardial
effusion, pleuritis, and pleural effusion, congestive heart failure, respiratory
distress and abnormal breath sounds, sudden weight change, edema of the feet
and ankles, azotemia, peripheral neuropathy, restless leg syndrome, seizures,
nausea and vomiting, anorexia, malaise, fatigue and weakness, headaches that
seem unrelated to any other cause, sleep disturbances, decreased mental
alertness, flank pain, jaundice, persistent pruritus, recurrent infections -correct-
answer-Chronic Kidney Disease
Infection that has reached on or both kidneys -correct-answer-Pyelonephritis
E. coli is the most common culprit. Kidneys become grossly edematous and fill
with exudate, compressing the renal artery. Abscesses and necrosis can develop,
,3|Page
impairing renal function and causing permanent damage. May be acute or chronic
-correct-answer-Pyelonephritis
Complications of?: renal failure, recurrent UTIs, and sepsis -correct-answer-
Pyelonephritis
Manifestations of?: severe UTI symptoms, flank pain, and increased blood
pressure -correct-answer-Pyelonephritis
Inflammation of the bladder. The bladder and urethra walls become red and
swollen -correct-answer-Cystitis
Causes of?: infection and irritants -correct-answer-Cystitis
Manifestations of?: UTI symptoms, abdominal pain, and pelvic pressure -correct-
answer-Cystitis
A condition in which the urethra, or the tube that carries urine from the bladder
to outside the body, becomes inflamed and irritated -correct-answer-Urethritis
, 4|Page
Inherited disorder characterized by numerous grape-like clusters of fluid-filled
cysts in both kidneys -correct-answer-Polycystic Kidney Disease
Cysts enlarge the kidneys while compressing and eventually replacing the
functional kidney tissue. The exact trigger is unknown. Prognosis and progression
vary widely depending on the type. -correct-answer-Polycystic Kidney Disease
What are the 2 types of Polycystic Kidney Disease? -correct-answer-Autosomal
Dominant PKD, Autosomal Recessive PKD
Mutation on the short arm of chromosomes 4 and 16. Occurs in both children and
adults, but is much more common in adults. Symptoms often do not show up until
middle age. -correct-answer-Autosomal Dominant PKD
Less common and more serious. Appears in infancy or childhood. Progresses
rapidly, resulting in end-stage kidney failure and generally causing death in infancy
or childhood. -correct-answer-Autosomal Recessive PKD
