8/22/25, 9:58 PM NUR 445 Final Exam
NURS 445 STUDY GUIDE FINAL EXAM 475 COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND ACCURATE DETAILED ANSWERS
\VERIFIED SOLUTIONS GRADED A+\LATEST UPDATE
2025-2026
Mannitol
-osmotic diuretic
What medication is used to -reduces ICP by inducing diuresis (creates an osmotic
decrease ICP? gradient across the blood- brain barrier [BBB] and
increased serum osmolality -> pulls fluid out of brain
cells and shifts it into the intravascular compartment)
Atropine
What medication would you -administer over 1 minute
plan on administering to a -therapeutic effect desired = increased HR
patient who is experiencing -rapid administration may be used during cardiac
bradycardia or heart block? resuscitation (follow with 20 mL saline flush)
Nitroprusside
A patient suffering from a
-arteriole vasodilator
hypertensive crisis enters
-rapidly lowers BP
the ED. What medication is
-decreases preload and afterload
used to treat this
emergent situation?
lowering of BP
What is clonidine used for?
Nitroprusside is the preferred agent if BP needs to be lowered
quickly
Lactulose
What medication prevents
-expect more frequent bowel movements
the absorption of ammonia
-should see clearing of confusion, apathy, and irritation
from the GI tract in order
and improved mental status (24-48 hours after oral
to treat hepatic
administration)
encephalopathy?
Under what condition would patient that is suffering from an ischemic stroke
you administer tPA?
1/1
6
,8/22/25, 9:58 PM NUR 445 Final Exam
assisting
What is mutual support? others
providing
feedback
advocacy behaviors when patient safety is threatened
Formal should be retrospective and scheduled in advance
What is the difference
between formal and informal
Informal occurs in real time and includes huddles/debriefs
feedback?
Frequency of alarms becomes overwhelming,
Explain the phenomenon of
alarm fatigue resulting in delayed response to alarms and
deliberate alarm deactivation which may impact
patient safety
What is the purpose of nursing and medical treatments are combined with control of
palliative care? pain and symptoms
I am concerned
What is the CUS method of I am
advocacy? uncomfortable
This is a safety
issue
Describe the situation
Express what you think
What does DESC stand for?
and feel Suggest a
solution
Consequences if no
changes
SA = 60-100
What is the normal rate of the
AV = 40-60
SA node, AV node, and
Ventricular = 20-40
ventricular rate?
P = 0.12-0.20 sec
What is the normal length of a
QRS = ≤
P wave, QRS complex, and
0.12 sec QT
QT interval?
= 0.32-0.40
2/1
6
, 8/22/25, 9:58 PM NUR 445 Final Exam
sec
Nothing unless symptomatic
What nursing care should be
provided to a patient with
beta blocker, CCB
PACs?
Hs & Ts
Hypovolemia, hypoxemia,
What are the causes of
asystole? hypo/hyperkalemia Tension
pneumo, tamponade, thrombosis
Epi and CPR/ACLS
What are treatments for
asystole? -Unable to shock because no electrical activity
How do we treat Vtach? defibrillation and/or amiodarone
How do we treat Torsades de Magnesium sulfate and amiodarone
pointes?
SCREAM
Shock
CPR
What would we do in the
Rhythm
event of pulseless Vtach?
check Epi
Amiodaro
ne Mag
sulfate
fatigue or feeling weak, dizziness,
What are s/sx of bradycardia?
lightheadedness, confusion, fainting, SOB,
difficulty when exercising, cardiac arrest
Not treated unless symptomatic
How is bradycardia treated?
Atropine if symptomatic
3/1
6
NURS 445 STUDY GUIDE FINAL EXAM 475 COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND ACCURATE DETAILED ANSWERS
\VERIFIED SOLUTIONS GRADED A+\LATEST UPDATE
2025-2026
Mannitol
-osmotic diuretic
What medication is used to -reduces ICP by inducing diuresis (creates an osmotic
decrease ICP? gradient across the blood- brain barrier [BBB] and
increased serum osmolality -> pulls fluid out of brain
cells and shifts it into the intravascular compartment)
Atropine
What medication would you -administer over 1 minute
plan on administering to a -therapeutic effect desired = increased HR
patient who is experiencing -rapid administration may be used during cardiac
bradycardia or heart block? resuscitation (follow with 20 mL saline flush)
Nitroprusside
A patient suffering from a
-arteriole vasodilator
hypertensive crisis enters
-rapidly lowers BP
the ED. What medication is
-decreases preload and afterload
used to treat this
emergent situation?
lowering of BP
What is clonidine used for?
Nitroprusside is the preferred agent if BP needs to be lowered
quickly
Lactulose
What medication prevents
-expect more frequent bowel movements
the absorption of ammonia
-should see clearing of confusion, apathy, and irritation
from the GI tract in order
and improved mental status (24-48 hours after oral
to treat hepatic
administration)
encephalopathy?
Under what condition would patient that is suffering from an ischemic stroke
you administer tPA?
1/1
6
,8/22/25, 9:58 PM NUR 445 Final Exam
assisting
What is mutual support? others
providing
feedback
advocacy behaviors when patient safety is threatened
Formal should be retrospective and scheduled in advance
What is the difference
between formal and informal
Informal occurs in real time and includes huddles/debriefs
feedback?
Frequency of alarms becomes overwhelming,
Explain the phenomenon of
alarm fatigue resulting in delayed response to alarms and
deliberate alarm deactivation which may impact
patient safety
What is the purpose of nursing and medical treatments are combined with control of
palliative care? pain and symptoms
I am concerned
What is the CUS method of I am
advocacy? uncomfortable
This is a safety
issue
Describe the situation
Express what you think
What does DESC stand for?
and feel Suggest a
solution
Consequences if no
changes
SA = 60-100
What is the normal rate of the
AV = 40-60
SA node, AV node, and
Ventricular = 20-40
ventricular rate?
P = 0.12-0.20 sec
What is the normal length of a
QRS = ≤
P wave, QRS complex, and
0.12 sec QT
QT interval?
= 0.32-0.40
2/1
6
, 8/22/25, 9:58 PM NUR 445 Final Exam
sec
Nothing unless symptomatic
What nursing care should be
provided to a patient with
beta blocker, CCB
PACs?
Hs & Ts
Hypovolemia, hypoxemia,
What are the causes of
asystole? hypo/hyperkalemia Tension
pneumo, tamponade, thrombosis
Epi and CPR/ACLS
What are treatments for
asystole? -Unable to shock because no electrical activity
How do we treat Vtach? defibrillation and/or amiodarone
How do we treat Torsades de Magnesium sulfate and amiodarone
pointes?
SCREAM
Shock
CPR
What would we do in the
Rhythm
event of pulseless Vtach?
check Epi
Amiodaro
ne Mag
sulfate
fatigue or feeling weak, dizziness,
What are s/sx of bradycardia?
lightheadedness, confusion, fainting, SOB,
difficulty when exercising, cardiac arrest
Not treated unless symptomatic
How is bradycardia treated?
Atropine if symptomatic
3/1
6
