Test Bank for Pediatric Physical Examination: An Illustrated Handbook 3rd Edition by Karen G. Duderstadt | All Chapters 1-20 Guide

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Chapter 1: Approach to Care and Assessment of Children and Adolescents
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MULTIPLE CHOICE ss




1. A nurse is reviewing developmental concepts for infants and children. Which statement be
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ss st describes development in infants and children?
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a. Development, a predictable and orderly process, occurs at varying rates withi ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss



n normal limits. ss ss ss




b. Development is primarily related to the growth in the number and size of cells. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss




c. Development occurs in a proximodistal direction with fine muscle developmen ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss



t occurring first. ss ss ss




d. Development is more easily and accurately measured than growth. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss




ANS: A ss




Development, a continuous orderly process, provides the basis for increases in the childs funct
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ss ion and complexity of behavior. The increases in rate of function and complexity can vary nor
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ss mally within limits for each child. An increase in the number and size of cells is a definition f
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s s or growth. Development proceeds in a proximodistal direction with fine muscle organization
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ss o ccurring as a result of large muscle organization. Development is a more complex process
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ss that is affected by many factors; therefore, it is less easily and accurately measured. Growth is
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ss a pr edictable process with standard measurement methods.
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2. Frequent developmental assessments are important for which reason?
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a. Stable developmental periods during infancy provide an opportunity to identif
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y any delays or deficits.
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b. Infants need stimulation specific to the stage of development.
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c. Critical periods of development occur during childhood. ss ss ss ss ss ss




d. Child development is unpredictable and needs monitoring.
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ANS: C ss




Critical periods are blocks of time during which children are ready to master specific developm
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ss ental tasks. Children can master these tasks more easily during particular periods of time in the
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s s ir growth and developmental process. Infancy is a dynamic time of development that requires
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ss f requent evaluations to assess appropriate developmental progress. Infants in a nurturing
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ss environ ment will develop appropriately and will not necessarily need stimulation specific to
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ss their devel opmental stage. Normal growth and development are orderly and proceed in a
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ss predictable patte rn on the basis of each individuals abilities and potentials.
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3. Which factor has the greatest influence on child growth and development?
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a. Culture

b. Environment

c. Genetics

d. Nutrition


ANS: C ss




Genetic factors (heredity) determine each individuals growth and developmental rate. Although
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ss factors such as environment, culture, nutrition, and family can influence genetic traits, they do
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ss not eliminate the effect of the genetic endowment, which is permanent. Culture is a significant
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ss factor that influences how children grow toward adulthood. Culture influences both
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ss growth an d development but does not eliminate inborn genetic influences. Environment has a
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ss significant role in determining growth and development both before and after birth. The
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ss environment can i nfluence how and to which extent genetic traits are manifested, but
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ss environmental factors canno t eliminate the effect of genetics. Nutrition is critical for growth
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ss and plays a significant role thr oughout childhood.
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4. A nurse is planning a teaching session with a child. According to Piagetian theory, the perio
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d of cognitive development in which the child is able to distinguish fact from fantasy is
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th
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e period of cognitive development.
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a. sensorimotor