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Pathophysiology Exam 2 | Questions and Verified Answers Graded A+ 2025/2026

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Pathophysiology Exam 2 | Questions and Verified Answers Graded A+ 2025/2026 Besides dyspnea, what is the most common characteristic associated with pulmonary disease? a. Chest pain c. Cough b. Digit clubbing d. Hemoptysis ANSWER cough Sitting up in a forward-leaning position generally relieves which breathing disorder? a. Hyperpnea c. Apnea b. Orthopnea d. Dyspnea on exertion ANSWER orthopnea Kussmaul respirations as a respiratory pattern may be associated with which characteristic(s)? a. Alternating periods of deep and shallow breathing b. Pulmonary fibrosis c. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease d. slightly increased ventilatory rate, large tidal volumes, and no expiratory pause ANSWER Slightly increased ventilatory rate, large tidal volumes, and no expiratory pause Respirations that are characterized by alternating periods of deep and shallow breathing are a result of which respiratory mechanism? a. Decreased blood flow to the medulla oblongata b. Increased partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2), decreased pH, and decreased partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) c. Stimulation of stretch or J-receptors d. Fatigue of the intercostal muscles and diaphragm ANSWER a. Decreased blood flow to the medulla oblongata With a total hemoglobin of 9 g/dl, how many grams per deciliter of hemoglobin must become desaturated for cyanosis to occur? a. 3 c. 7 b. 5 d. 9 ANSWER b. 5 Which statement is true regarding ventilation? a. Hypoventilation causes hypocapnia. b. Hyperventilation causes hypercapnia. c. Hyperventilation causes hypocapnia. d. Hyperventilation results in an increased partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2). ANSWER c. Hyperventilation causes hypocapnia. What term is used to describe the selective bulbous enlargement of the distal segment of a digit that is commonly associated with diseases that interfere with oxygenation of the blood? a. Edema c. Angling b. Clubbing d. osteoarthropathy ANSWER b. clubbing Pulmonary edema and pulmonary fibrosis cause hypoxemia by which mechanism? a. Creating alveolar dead space b. Decreasing the oxygen in inspired gas c. Creating a right-to-left d. Impairing alveolocapillary membrane diffusion ANSWER Impairing alveolocapillary membrane diffusion High altitudes may produce hypoxemia through which mechanism? a. Shunting. c. Decreased inspired oxygen b. Hypoventilation d. Diffusion abnormalities ANSWER c. Decreased inspired oxygen Which condition is capable of producing alveolar dead space? a. Pulmonary edema c. Atelectasis b. Pulmonary emboli d. Pneumonia ANSWER b. Pulmonary emboli What is the most common cause of pulmonary edema? a. Right-sided heart failure c. Mitral valve prolapse b. Left-sided heart failure d. aortic stenosis ANSWER c. Mitral valve prolapse Pulmonary edema usually begins to develop at a pulmonary capillary wedge pressure or left atrial pressure of how many millimeters of mercury (mm Hg)? a. 10 c. 30 b. 20 d. 40 ANSWER b. 20

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