Bio 256 Comprehensive Exam 2025 Actual exam
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What is the difference between passive and active processes in cellular
transport? - (ANSWER)Passive processes require no energy, while active
processes require energy to move substances across the membrane.
What are the types of passive processes? - (ANSWER)Simple diffusion, facilitated
diffusion, and osmosis.
What is simple diffusion? - (ANSWER)Movement of molecules from an area of
higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, moving down the
concentration gradient.
What factors affect the rate of diffusion through a membrane? -
(ANSWER)Temperature, molecular weight, steepness of concentration gradient,
membrane surface area, and membrane permeability.
What is facilitated diffusion? - (ANSWER)Similar to diffusion, but molecules are
ferried across the membrane by a carrier allowed entrance by a channel.
What is osmosis? - (ANSWER)The movement of water from regions of higher
concentration to regions of lower concentration or water moving toward a higher
concentration of solutes.
,What are the three types of tonicity? - (ANSWER)Hypertonic (cell shrinks),
isotonic (cell remains the same), and hypotonic (cell swells and may burst).
What is active transport? - (ANSWER)The movement of substances from an area
of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration, against the
concentration gradient, requiring ATP energy.
What are the types of active transport? - (ANSWER)Sodium-Potassium Pump
(Na+-K+ ATPase), endocytosis, and exocytosis.
What are membranes? - (ANSWER)Flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover or line
parts of the body.
What are the two types of membranes? - (ANSWER)Epithelial membranes
(mucous, serous, cutaneous) and synovial membranes.
What are the four basic types of tissues in the human body? -
(ANSWER)Epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissues.
What are the four major types of cells found in the epidermis? -
(ANSWER)Keratinocytes, melanocytes, intraepidermal macrophages (Langerhans
cells), and tactile epithelial cells (Merkel cells).
How many layers does the epidermis have in thin and thick skin? - (ANSWER)Four
layers in thin skin and five layers in thick skin.
,What are the layers of the epidermis from deep to superficial? -
(ANSWER)Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum
lucidum (only in thick skin), stratum corneum.
What is melanin and where is it produced? - (ANSWER)Melanin is produced by
melanocytes in the stratum basale.
What are the types of melanin? - (ANSWER)Pheomelanin (reddish-brown) and
eumelanin (brown-black).
What is a burn? - (ANSWER)Tissue damage caused by excessive heat, electricity,
radioactivity, or corrosive chemicals that denature proteins in skin cells.
How are burns graded? - (ANSWER)Burns are graded according to their severity.
What is an autograft? - (ANSWER)A skin graft using tissue from another location
on the same person's body.
What is a split-skin graft? - (ANSWER)A graft involving taking epidermis and part
of the dermis from an undamaged area, such as the thigh or buttocks.
How can joints be classified? - (ANSWER)Joints can be classified structurally (joint
cavity and type of connective tissue) and functionally (degree of movement
permitted).
, What are the three structural classifications of joints? - (ANSWER)Fibrous,
Cartilaginous, and Synovial.
What type of joint is characterized by no movement? - (ANSWER)Synarthroses.
What type of joint allows for little movement? - (ANSWER)Amphiarthroses.
What is the functional classification of joints that are freely movable? -
(ANSWER)Diarthroses.
What type of joint is a suture? - (ANSWER)A fibrous joint that allows no
movement.
What is an example of a synchondrosis joint? - (ANSWER)The epiphyseal plate.
What type of joint connects the ulna to the radius? - (ANSWER)A syndesmosis
joint.
What type of joint is the pubic symphysis? - (ANSWER)A symphyses joint,
allowing some movement.
What is a gomphosis joint? - (ANSWER)A fibrous joint where a tooth is attached
in a socket.
(Testing Real Exam Questions)and verified Answers (
100% accurate) GET IT RIGHT!!
What is the difference between passive and active processes in cellular
transport? - (ANSWER)Passive processes require no energy, while active
processes require energy to move substances across the membrane.
What are the types of passive processes? - (ANSWER)Simple diffusion, facilitated
diffusion, and osmosis.
What is simple diffusion? - (ANSWER)Movement of molecules from an area of
higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, moving down the
concentration gradient.
What factors affect the rate of diffusion through a membrane? -
(ANSWER)Temperature, molecular weight, steepness of concentration gradient,
membrane surface area, and membrane permeability.
What is facilitated diffusion? - (ANSWER)Similar to diffusion, but molecules are
ferried across the membrane by a carrier allowed entrance by a channel.
What is osmosis? - (ANSWER)The movement of water from regions of higher
concentration to regions of lower concentration or water moving toward a higher
concentration of solutes.
,What are the three types of tonicity? - (ANSWER)Hypertonic (cell shrinks),
isotonic (cell remains the same), and hypotonic (cell swells and may burst).
What is active transport? - (ANSWER)The movement of substances from an area
of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration, against the
concentration gradient, requiring ATP energy.
What are the types of active transport? - (ANSWER)Sodium-Potassium Pump
(Na+-K+ ATPase), endocytosis, and exocytosis.
What are membranes? - (ANSWER)Flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover or line
parts of the body.
What are the two types of membranes? - (ANSWER)Epithelial membranes
(mucous, serous, cutaneous) and synovial membranes.
What are the four basic types of tissues in the human body? -
(ANSWER)Epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissues.
What are the four major types of cells found in the epidermis? -
(ANSWER)Keratinocytes, melanocytes, intraepidermal macrophages (Langerhans
cells), and tactile epithelial cells (Merkel cells).
How many layers does the epidermis have in thin and thick skin? - (ANSWER)Four
layers in thin skin and five layers in thick skin.
,What are the layers of the epidermis from deep to superficial? -
(ANSWER)Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum
lucidum (only in thick skin), stratum corneum.
What is melanin and where is it produced? - (ANSWER)Melanin is produced by
melanocytes in the stratum basale.
What are the types of melanin? - (ANSWER)Pheomelanin (reddish-brown) and
eumelanin (brown-black).
What is a burn? - (ANSWER)Tissue damage caused by excessive heat, electricity,
radioactivity, or corrosive chemicals that denature proteins in skin cells.
How are burns graded? - (ANSWER)Burns are graded according to their severity.
What is an autograft? - (ANSWER)A skin graft using tissue from another location
on the same person's body.
What is a split-skin graft? - (ANSWER)A graft involving taking epidermis and part
of the dermis from an undamaged area, such as the thigh or buttocks.
How can joints be classified? - (ANSWER)Joints can be classified structurally (joint
cavity and type of connective tissue) and functionally (degree of movement
permitted).
, What are the three structural classifications of joints? - (ANSWER)Fibrous,
Cartilaginous, and Synovial.
What type of joint is characterized by no movement? - (ANSWER)Synarthroses.
What type of joint allows for little movement? - (ANSWER)Amphiarthroses.
What is the functional classification of joints that are freely movable? -
(ANSWER)Diarthroses.
What type of joint is a suture? - (ANSWER)A fibrous joint that allows no
movement.
What is an example of a synchondrosis joint? - (ANSWER)The epiphyseal plate.
What type of joint connects the ulna to the radius? - (ANSWER)A syndesmosis
joint.
What type of joint is the pubic symphysis? - (ANSWER)A symphyses joint,
allowing some movement.
What is a gomphosis joint? - (ANSWER)A fibrous joint where a tooth is attached
in a socket.
