Memo: Cytogenetics, Mitosis, and Meiosis Quiz
1. Cytogenetics is the study of chromosomes and their inheritance, especially in medical genetics. It
helps diagnose genetic diseases by analyzing chromosome number and structure.
2. Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, with DNA located in the
nucleoid (e.g., bacteria, archaea). Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, membrane-bound organelles,
and linear chromosomes (e.g., plants, animals, fungi).
3. Mitosis produces two identical diploid daughter cells for growth and repair, while meiosis
produces four genetically diverse haploid gametes for sexual reproduction.
4. Stages of mitosis: - Prophase: Chromosomes condense and become visible. - Prometaphase:
Nuclear envelope breaks down, spindle fibers attach. - Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the cell’s
equator. - Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles. - Telophase: Nuclear
envelopes reform, chromosomes decondense. - Cytokinesis: Cytoplasm divides, forming two
daughter cells.
5. Meiosis produces haploid gametes (sperm and eggs) by halving chromosome number. It
introduces genetic variation via crossing over and independent assortment.
6. Diploid cells (2n) have two sets of chromosomes, e.g., somatic cells in humans (46
chromosomes). Haploid cells (n) have one set, e.g., gametes (23 chromosomes).
7. Studying mitosis and meiosis is crucial for understanding growth, repair, reproduction, genetic
variation, and diseases such as cancer and infertility.
8. Gregor Mendel, the father of genetics, discovered the principles of inheritance (dominance,
segregation, and independent assortment) through pea plant experiments.
9. Genotype is the genetic makeup (e.g., Aa), while phenotype is the observable trait (e.g., brown
eyes).
10. Crossing over is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during
prophase I of meiosis. It increases genetic diversity.
1. Cytogenetics is the study of chromosomes and their inheritance, especially in medical genetics. It
helps diagnose genetic diseases by analyzing chromosome number and structure.
2. Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, with DNA located in the
nucleoid (e.g., bacteria, archaea). Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, membrane-bound organelles,
and linear chromosomes (e.g., plants, animals, fungi).
3. Mitosis produces two identical diploid daughter cells for growth and repair, while meiosis
produces four genetically diverse haploid gametes for sexual reproduction.
4. Stages of mitosis: - Prophase: Chromosomes condense and become visible. - Prometaphase:
Nuclear envelope breaks down, spindle fibers attach. - Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the cell’s
equator. - Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles. - Telophase: Nuclear
envelopes reform, chromosomes decondense. - Cytokinesis: Cytoplasm divides, forming two
daughter cells.
5. Meiosis produces haploid gametes (sperm and eggs) by halving chromosome number. It
introduces genetic variation via crossing over and independent assortment.
6. Diploid cells (2n) have two sets of chromosomes, e.g., somatic cells in humans (46
chromosomes). Haploid cells (n) have one set, e.g., gametes (23 chromosomes).
7. Studying mitosis and meiosis is crucial for understanding growth, repair, reproduction, genetic
variation, and diseases such as cancer and infertility.
8. Gregor Mendel, the father of genetics, discovered the principles of inheritance (dominance,
segregation, and independent assortment) through pea plant experiments.
9. Genotype is the genetic makeup (e.g., Aa), while phenotype is the observable trait (e.g., brown
eyes).
10. Crossing over is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during
prophase I of meiosis. It increases genetic diversity.
