CMY3709 ASSIGNMENT 1 SEMEMSTER 2 2025 (Answer Guide)

CMY3709 ASSIGNMENT 1 SEMEMSTER 2 2025 (Answer Guide) The Concept of Validity in Criminological Research: Internal and External Validity Introduction Scientific research in criminology seeks to uncover patterns, causes, and consequences of crime while informing evidence-based interventions. However, the reliability of such research is dependent on the methodological quality of the studies conducted. Among the most important methodological concerns is validity, which determines whether research findings are accurate and trustworthy. Validity is not merely an academic concern; it has direct practical implications. For example, if a study on the causes of youth delinquency incorrectly identifies peer influence as the primary factor, policymakers might channel scarce resources into peer mentorship programmes rather than addressing the actual root causes, such as poverty or lack of educational access. In the South African context, where crime and justice issues remain at the centre of social debate, valid criminological research is essential. Policies around policing, correctional services, restorative justice, and crime prevention rely on accurate knowledge. Invalid research not only wastes resources but may also reinforce harmful stereotypes, widen inequalities, or promote ineffective policies. This essay examines the concept of validity with emphasis on internal and external validity. It explores the theoretical foundations of validity, discusses major threats to both internal and external validity, and demonstrates their application through criminological examples. The essay concludes by highlighting the importance of balancing these two forms of validity and ensuring that criminological research remains both scientifically rigorous and socially relevant. Defining Key Concepts The concept of validity has long been debated in social research. At its simplest, validity refers to the extent to which research accurately measures or reflects the phenomena under investigation (Babbie, 2020). Unlike reliability, which concerns the consistency of measurement, validity addresses accuracy