BSC 2086 Lesson 3 Questions and Answers Fully Solved Latest Update 2025-2026
What long-term processes does the endocrine system regulate? - Answers Growth
Development
Reproduction
How is information relayed within the endocrine system? - Answers chemical messengers
Direct Communication - Answers Exchange of ions and molecules between adjacent cells
across gap junctions - links cytoplasm of two cells
Where does direct communication take place? - Answers Occurs between two cells of the same
type. It is highly specialized and relatively rare.
Paracrine Communication - Answers -Uses chemical signals to transfer information from cell to
cell within single tissue
-Most common form of intercellular communication
Endocrine Communication - Answers 1.Endocrine cells release chemicals (hormones) into
bloodstream
Communicates to cells far away
2.Alters metabolic activities of many tissues and organs simultaneously
Target Cells - Answers Are specific cells that possess receptors needed to bind and "read"
hormonal messages
Hormones - Answers chemical messengers that are transported through blood to distant
targets
What are the function of hormones? - Answers Stimulate synthesis of enzymes or structural
proteins
Increase or decrease rate of synthesis
Turn existing enzyme or membrane channel "on" or "off"
Synaptic Communication - Answers 1.Chemical message is "neurotransmitter"
2.Ideal for crisis management
3.Occurs across synaptic clefts
4.Limited to a very specific area
, 5.Response usually not long lasting
6.Nervous system response faster than endocrine system
What are the classes of hormones? - Answers 1.Amino acid derivatives
2.Peptide hormones
3.Lipid derivatives
Secretion and Distribution of Hormones - Answers Hormones circulate freely or travel bound to
special carrier proteins
Amino Acid Derivatives - Answers Are small molecules structurally related to amino acids
What are the derivatives of tyrosine? - Answers Thyroid hormones
Catecholamines
Catecholamines - Answers Epinephrine, norepinephrine
What are the derivatives of tryptophan? - Answers Dopamine, serotonin, melatonin
Where is melatonin produced? - Answers pineal gland
Peptide Hormones - Answers Are chains of amino acids
Most are synthesized as prohormones
Glycoproteins
Short polypeptides/small proteins
prohormones - Answers Inactive molecules converted to active hormones before or after they
are secreted
Glycoproteins - Answers Proteins are more than 200 amino acids long and have carbohydrate
side chains.
Examples:
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Short chain polypeptides - Answers Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin (OXT) (each 9
amino acids long)
What long-term processes does the endocrine system regulate? - Answers Growth
Development
Reproduction
How is information relayed within the endocrine system? - Answers chemical messengers
Direct Communication - Answers Exchange of ions and molecules between adjacent cells
across gap junctions - links cytoplasm of two cells
Where does direct communication take place? - Answers Occurs between two cells of the same
type. It is highly specialized and relatively rare.
Paracrine Communication - Answers -Uses chemical signals to transfer information from cell to
cell within single tissue
-Most common form of intercellular communication
Endocrine Communication - Answers 1.Endocrine cells release chemicals (hormones) into
bloodstream
Communicates to cells far away
2.Alters metabolic activities of many tissues and organs simultaneously
Target Cells - Answers Are specific cells that possess receptors needed to bind and "read"
hormonal messages
Hormones - Answers chemical messengers that are transported through blood to distant
targets
What are the function of hormones? - Answers Stimulate synthesis of enzymes or structural
proteins
Increase or decrease rate of synthesis
Turn existing enzyme or membrane channel "on" or "off"
Synaptic Communication - Answers 1.Chemical message is "neurotransmitter"
2.Ideal for crisis management
3.Occurs across synaptic clefts
4.Limited to a very specific area
, 5.Response usually not long lasting
6.Nervous system response faster than endocrine system
What are the classes of hormones? - Answers 1.Amino acid derivatives
2.Peptide hormones
3.Lipid derivatives
Secretion and Distribution of Hormones - Answers Hormones circulate freely or travel bound to
special carrier proteins
Amino Acid Derivatives - Answers Are small molecules structurally related to amino acids
What are the derivatives of tyrosine? - Answers Thyroid hormones
Catecholamines
Catecholamines - Answers Epinephrine, norepinephrine
What are the derivatives of tryptophan? - Answers Dopamine, serotonin, melatonin
Where is melatonin produced? - Answers pineal gland
Peptide Hormones - Answers Are chains of amino acids
Most are synthesized as prohormones
Glycoproteins
Short polypeptides/small proteins
prohormones - Answers Inactive molecules converted to active hormones before or after they
are secreted
Glycoproteins - Answers Proteins are more than 200 amino acids long and have carbohydrate
side chains.
Examples:
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Short chain polypeptides - Answers Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin (OXT) (each 9
amino acids long)
