HUBS 191 Bone and Biomechanics Exam Questions and Answers Fully Solved Latest Version
2025-2026
What are the 4 tissue types? - Answers epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
Examples of epithelial tissue - Answers skin, mucous membranes, lining of heart, digestive tract,
respiratory organs, and glands.
Examples of connective tissue - Answers Bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue,
and blood
Examples of Muscle - Answers smooth, skeletal, cardiac
Examples of nervous tissue - Answers brain, spinal cord, nerves
Functions of epithelial tissue - Answers Provide physical protection, control permeability,
provide sensation, produce specialized secretions
Functions of connective tissue - Answers -establish a structural framework for the body
-transport fluids and dissolved materials
-protect delicate organs
-support, surround, and interconnect other types of tissue
-store energy, especially in the form of triglycerides
-defend the body from invading microorganisms
Functions of muscle - Answers Contracts to produce movement
Functions of nervous tissue - Answers transmits nerve impulses and processes information
What are the proportions of each basic tissue - Answers Muscle 50%, Connective 45%, Epithelial
3%, Nervous 2%
Homeostasis - Answers A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the
regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as temperature, pH, blood sugar, fluid balance
etc.
Feedback - Answers When a controlled variable moves too far from a set point and responses
attempt to move the variable back to the set point or normal range.
Feedforward - Answers Responses made in anticipation of a change
Responses to increased temperature to maintain homeostasis - Answers -Behavioral changes
(e.g. remove clothing)
,-Vasodilation and shunting of blood to the surface
-Sweat production
-Respiratory heat loss
Responses to decreased temperature to maintain homeostasis - Answers -Behavioral changes
(e.g. add clothing)
-Vasoconstriction and shunting of blood away from the surface
-Shivering
Anatomical position - Answers Erect, feet forward, arms at side with palms facing forward, head
facing forward.
Posterior (dorsal) - Answers toward the back
Anterior (ventral) - Answers toward the front
Superior/Cranial/Cephalic - Answers toward the head
Inferior/caudal - Answers away from the head
Medial - Answers toward the midline
lateral - Answers away from the midline
Distal - Answers Farther from the trunk of the body
Proximal - Answers Nearer to the trunk of the body
Sagittal Plane - Answers divides body into left and right
Coronal Plane - Answers divides body into front and back
Transverse Plane - Answers Divides the body into upper and lower portions
Flexion - Answers Decreases the angle of a joint
Extension - Answers Increases the angle of a joint
Hyperextension - Answers extension beyond anatomical position
Abduction - Answers Movement away from the midline of the body
Adduction - Answers Movement toward the midline of the body
Dorsiflexion - Answers Ankle movement pointing the foot upward
, Plantarflexion - Answers Ankle movement pointing the foot downward
Circumduction - Answers circular movement of a limb at the far end - flexion, abduction,
extension, adduction
Opposition - Answers movement of the thumb to the pinky
Functions of the skeletal system - Answers -Support
-Movement (bones are levers)
-Storage of minerals
-Red blood cell formation (in marrow)
-Protection
What are the two types of bone? - Answers compact and cancellous (AKA trabecular or spongy)
Features of compact bone - Answers -Strong
-Good at transmitting force in one direction
-Osteon structure
-Outer surfaces seem dense and impenetrable (periosteum)
-Foramina/holes for blood supply
-Made up of circumferential lamellae and units called osteons
Features of cancellous bone - Answers -Light, spongy
-Shock absorbing
-resists and channels forces that come from multiple directions
-Directs force from body weight in single direction down shaft spreading the force distally
-Consists of struts of lamella bone called trabeculae
-Marrow fills the cavities between trabeculae
-Osteocytes housed in lacuna in between lamellae/on surface
What are the different bone classes - Answers Long bones, short bones, flat bones, Irregular
bones
Features of long bones - Answers -longer they are wide
2025-2026
What are the 4 tissue types? - Answers epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
Examples of epithelial tissue - Answers skin, mucous membranes, lining of heart, digestive tract,
respiratory organs, and glands.
Examples of connective tissue - Answers Bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue,
and blood
Examples of Muscle - Answers smooth, skeletal, cardiac
Examples of nervous tissue - Answers brain, spinal cord, nerves
Functions of epithelial tissue - Answers Provide physical protection, control permeability,
provide sensation, produce specialized secretions
Functions of connective tissue - Answers -establish a structural framework for the body
-transport fluids and dissolved materials
-protect delicate organs
-support, surround, and interconnect other types of tissue
-store energy, especially in the form of triglycerides
-defend the body from invading microorganisms
Functions of muscle - Answers Contracts to produce movement
Functions of nervous tissue - Answers transmits nerve impulses and processes information
What are the proportions of each basic tissue - Answers Muscle 50%, Connective 45%, Epithelial
3%, Nervous 2%
Homeostasis - Answers A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the
regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as temperature, pH, blood sugar, fluid balance
etc.
Feedback - Answers When a controlled variable moves too far from a set point and responses
attempt to move the variable back to the set point or normal range.
Feedforward - Answers Responses made in anticipation of a change
Responses to increased temperature to maintain homeostasis - Answers -Behavioral changes
(e.g. remove clothing)
,-Vasodilation and shunting of blood to the surface
-Sweat production
-Respiratory heat loss
Responses to decreased temperature to maintain homeostasis - Answers -Behavioral changes
(e.g. add clothing)
-Vasoconstriction and shunting of blood away from the surface
-Shivering
Anatomical position - Answers Erect, feet forward, arms at side with palms facing forward, head
facing forward.
Posterior (dorsal) - Answers toward the back
Anterior (ventral) - Answers toward the front
Superior/Cranial/Cephalic - Answers toward the head
Inferior/caudal - Answers away from the head
Medial - Answers toward the midline
lateral - Answers away from the midline
Distal - Answers Farther from the trunk of the body
Proximal - Answers Nearer to the trunk of the body
Sagittal Plane - Answers divides body into left and right
Coronal Plane - Answers divides body into front and back
Transverse Plane - Answers Divides the body into upper and lower portions
Flexion - Answers Decreases the angle of a joint
Extension - Answers Increases the angle of a joint
Hyperextension - Answers extension beyond anatomical position
Abduction - Answers Movement away from the midline of the body
Adduction - Answers Movement toward the midline of the body
Dorsiflexion - Answers Ankle movement pointing the foot upward
, Plantarflexion - Answers Ankle movement pointing the foot downward
Circumduction - Answers circular movement of a limb at the far end - flexion, abduction,
extension, adduction
Opposition - Answers movement of the thumb to the pinky
Functions of the skeletal system - Answers -Support
-Movement (bones are levers)
-Storage of minerals
-Red blood cell formation (in marrow)
-Protection
What are the two types of bone? - Answers compact and cancellous (AKA trabecular or spongy)
Features of compact bone - Answers -Strong
-Good at transmitting force in one direction
-Osteon structure
-Outer surfaces seem dense and impenetrable (periosteum)
-Foramina/holes for blood supply
-Made up of circumferential lamellae and units called osteons
Features of cancellous bone - Answers -Light, spongy
-Shock absorbing
-resists and channels forces that come from multiple directions
-Directs force from body weight in single direction down shaft spreading the force distally
-Consists of struts of lamella bone called trabeculae
-Marrow fills the cavities between trabeculae
-Osteocytes housed in lacuna in between lamellae/on surface
What are the different bone classes - Answers Long bones, short bones, flat bones, Irregular
bones
Features of long bones - Answers -longer they are wide
