HUBS 191 Module 5 Exam Questions and Answers Fully Solved Latest Version 2025-2026
The immune system - Answers An organised system of organs cells and molecules that interact
together to defend the body against disease
Lymphoid - Answers A tissue which is responsible for producing lymphocytes and antibodies
Thymus and bone marrow - Answers Primary lymphoid tissue includes: (produces white blood
cells)
Teaches T cells to not react with self - Answers Purpose of the thymus
Stem cell source - Answers Purpose of the bone marrow
Lymph nodes and spleen - Answers Secondary lymphoid tissue includes: (sites where immune
responses are initiated)
Located along lymphatic vessels - Answers location of the lymph nodes
Spleen - Answers Site of initiation for immune responses against blood borne pathogens
Skin, mucosal and membranes - Answers Basic physical and chemical barriers
innate immune system - Answers what is arm 1
rapid response - Answers advantages to the innate immune
nonspecific and no memory/adaption - Answers disadvantages of the innate immune
adaptive immune system - Answers what is arm 2
learns and retains memory. highly specific - Answers Advantages of the adaptive immune
very slow response - Answers disadvantages of the adaptive immune
Epidermis: dead cells, keratin and innate immune cells - Answers 1st layer of physical barrier (of
skin)
Dermis: connective tissue, blood, collagen, and phagocytic immune cells - Answers 2nd layer of
physical barrier (of skin)
Antimicrobial peptides, lysozymes, sebum and salt - Answers Skin as a chemical barrier
contains
Form pore in pathogen - Answers purpose of antimicrobial peptides
Break down cell wall of pathogen - Answers purpose of lysozymes
wax layer traps and is acidic - secreted by the sebaceous gland - Answers purpose of sebum
, found in sweat and creates hypertonic environment to induce osmosis - Answers purpose of
salt
Epithelium (live cell) layer scattered with goblet cells to maintain the mucus layer - Answers
components of the mucous membranes
Tears create flushing of pathogens into lacrimal gland then into the gastrointestinal tracts. Also
contains lysozymes - Answers Function in ocular mucous membrane
Mucociliary escalator, cilia beat in time and move mucus layer up and into gastrointestinal
tracts after being swallowed - Answers Function in respiratory mucous membrane
Physical flushing action from urine. Also low pH and high salt content - Answers Function in
urogenital/rectal mucous membrane
Low pH in stomach, bile in gal bladder, digestive enzymes, lysozymes in mucus, defensins -
Answers Features of the gastrointestinal tract in microbe death
Make microbe porous - Answers Function of defensins
Plasma, platelets, leukocytes and erythrocytes - Answers components of blood
Haematopoiesis - Answers Production of blood cells in the bone marrow
Red blood cells - Answers What do erythroid form
Innate immune cells: granulocytes, monocytes, dendritic cells, platelets - Answers What do
myeloid form
Adaptive immune cells: B and T lymphocytes - Answers What do lymphoid form
Granulocytes - Answers a white blood cell with secretory granules in its cytoplasm
Monocyte - Answers a large phagocytic white blood cell with a simple oval nucleus and clear,
greyish cytoplasm.
Dendritic cells - Answers Phagocytic cells which process antigen material and present on their
cell surface to the T cells. They are messengers between the innate and adaptive immune
system; while also killing invading pathogens
Neutrophils, eosinophil, basophils - Answers Three different types of granulocytes found in the
blood - in order of most to least common
Neutrophils - Answers Granulocyte which are highly phagocytic and increase in numbers during
infection. Most common.
Eosinophil - Answers Granulocyte which releases toxic granules to kill parasites. Numbers
increase during parasite infections.
The immune system - Answers An organised system of organs cells and molecules that interact
together to defend the body against disease
Lymphoid - Answers A tissue which is responsible for producing lymphocytes and antibodies
Thymus and bone marrow - Answers Primary lymphoid tissue includes: (produces white blood
cells)
Teaches T cells to not react with self - Answers Purpose of the thymus
Stem cell source - Answers Purpose of the bone marrow
Lymph nodes and spleen - Answers Secondary lymphoid tissue includes: (sites where immune
responses are initiated)
Located along lymphatic vessels - Answers location of the lymph nodes
Spleen - Answers Site of initiation for immune responses against blood borne pathogens
Skin, mucosal and membranes - Answers Basic physical and chemical barriers
innate immune system - Answers what is arm 1
rapid response - Answers advantages to the innate immune
nonspecific and no memory/adaption - Answers disadvantages of the innate immune
adaptive immune system - Answers what is arm 2
learns and retains memory. highly specific - Answers Advantages of the adaptive immune
very slow response - Answers disadvantages of the adaptive immune
Epidermis: dead cells, keratin and innate immune cells - Answers 1st layer of physical barrier (of
skin)
Dermis: connective tissue, blood, collagen, and phagocytic immune cells - Answers 2nd layer of
physical barrier (of skin)
Antimicrobial peptides, lysozymes, sebum and salt - Answers Skin as a chemical barrier
contains
Form pore in pathogen - Answers purpose of antimicrobial peptides
Break down cell wall of pathogen - Answers purpose of lysozymes
wax layer traps and is acidic - secreted by the sebaceous gland - Answers purpose of sebum
, found in sweat and creates hypertonic environment to induce osmosis - Answers purpose of
salt
Epithelium (live cell) layer scattered with goblet cells to maintain the mucus layer - Answers
components of the mucous membranes
Tears create flushing of pathogens into lacrimal gland then into the gastrointestinal tracts. Also
contains lysozymes - Answers Function in ocular mucous membrane
Mucociliary escalator, cilia beat in time and move mucus layer up and into gastrointestinal
tracts after being swallowed - Answers Function in respiratory mucous membrane
Physical flushing action from urine. Also low pH and high salt content - Answers Function in
urogenital/rectal mucous membrane
Low pH in stomach, bile in gal bladder, digestive enzymes, lysozymes in mucus, defensins -
Answers Features of the gastrointestinal tract in microbe death
Make microbe porous - Answers Function of defensins
Plasma, platelets, leukocytes and erythrocytes - Answers components of blood
Haematopoiesis - Answers Production of blood cells in the bone marrow
Red blood cells - Answers What do erythroid form
Innate immune cells: granulocytes, monocytes, dendritic cells, platelets - Answers What do
myeloid form
Adaptive immune cells: B and T lymphocytes - Answers What do lymphoid form
Granulocytes - Answers a white blood cell with secretory granules in its cytoplasm
Monocyte - Answers a large phagocytic white blood cell with a simple oval nucleus and clear,
greyish cytoplasm.
Dendritic cells - Answers Phagocytic cells which process antigen material and present on their
cell surface to the T cells. They are messengers between the innate and adaptive immune
system; while also killing invading pathogens
Neutrophils, eosinophil, basophils - Answers Three different types of granulocytes found in the
blood - in order of most to least common
Neutrophils - Answers Granulocyte which are highly phagocytic and increase in numbers during
infection. Most common.
Eosinophil - Answers Granulocyte which releases toxic granules to kill parasites. Numbers
increase during parasite infections.
