HUBS 191 - Concepts Exam Questions and Answers Fully Solved Already Passed Latest
Update 2025-2026
Epithelial Tissue - Answers covers exposed surfaces, lines internal passage ways and chambers,
forms Secretory glands
Connective Tissue - Answers Fills internal spaces, provides structural support, stores energy. 3
types - connective tissue proper, fluid connective tissue and supporting connective tissue.
Muscle Tissue - Answers Contracts to produce a movement, includes skeletal muscle, cardiac
muscle,and smooth muscle
Nervous Tissue - Answers Conducts electrical impulses and carries information, has sensory
receptors.
Homeostasis - Answers The bodies process of maintaining favourable conditions in the internal
environment, these include temperature, pH, salinity, ion concentration, blood sugar levels, fluid
balance etc.
Homeostasis Feedback Mechanisms - Answers When the controlled variable moves too ar from
the set point and responses from the body try to restore the variable back to normal
Homeostasis Feedforward Mechanism - Answers When there is an anticipation of an event that
will alter a controlled variable, so you minimise the effect before the event.
Compact Bone - Answers Strong, good at transmitting force in one direction, all fibres facing
one plane, dense and tightly packed bone fibres
Cancellous Bone - Answers Light and spongy bone, fibres crisscrossing one another, resists and
channels forces from multiple directions, good for shock absorption, like a fishing net, found in
bone where force many come down from multiple directions.
Long Bones - Answers Longer than they are wide, made up of compact bone mostly along the
shaft (diaphysis) and cancellous bone at the ends (epiphysis) , near the joints. mostly limb
bones., act as levers for movement.
Short Bones - Answers Close to equal length and width, often square or circular shape. Mostly
cancellous bone, weight bearing from multiple directions, eg carpals and tarsals
Flat Bones - Answers function usually for muscle attachment and protection of organs. Thin
plates of compact bone, with little cancellous bone, eg scapula.
Irregular Bones - Answers Bones that don't fit into the other classes, various shapes and sizes,
often have foramina (holes) eg vertebrae or pelvis
Axial Skeleton - Answers Bones of the core, protection of vital organs, skull, sternum, ribs and
vertebral column
, Appendicular Skeleton - Answers Bones of the limbs, most important for movement, allow for
muscle attachments
Skull - Answers Cranium (Vault), Facial bones, all join at sutures except mandible
The Vertebral Column - Answers keeps trunk upright, supports the head and weight of the body
Divisions of Vertebral Column - Answers Cervical (7), Thoracic (12) , Lumbar (5), Sacrum and
Coccyx
Rib Cage - Answers 12 pairs of ribs joined to the 12 thoracic vertebrae, joined also to the breast
bone via cartilage to allow for breathing, also includes sternum
Limbs - Answers Arm proximal to Forearm . Thigh proximal to Leg
Limb structure - Answers - single proximal long bone
- humerus/femur
- two distal long bones
- ulna & radius/ tibia & fibula
- hands and feet
Humerus Vs Femur - Answers Humerus - shorter, lighter, deeper articulation
not as much contact between arm and should than femur and hip. Stability Vs Movement
Articulation - Answers joint between two bones
Wrist joint - Answers circular shape allows for pronation and supination, shape of distal
articulation for wrist mobility
Leg - Answers no pronation/ supination, much more stable than wrist, very robust for weight
bearing. Tibia is medial and bigger, fibula is lateral and smaller. tibia most of weight bearing.
Make up of the Hand - Answers Carpals (8) , metacarpals (5) , phalanges (14) (including two in
thumb)
Make up of the Foot - Answers Tarsals (7) , Metatarsals (5), Phalanges (14)
Pectoral Girdle - Answers Clavicle and Scapula,
supports the shoulder and stabilises it
It's critical for shoulder joint movements
It provides structural support for the shoulder
Update 2025-2026
Epithelial Tissue - Answers covers exposed surfaces, lines internal passage ways and chambers,
forms Secretory glands
Connective Tissue - Answers Fills internal spaces, provides structural support, stores energy. 3
types - connective tissue proper, fluid connective tissue and supporting connective tissue.
Muscle Tissue - Answers Contracts to produce a movement, includes skeletal muscle, cardiac
muscle,and smooth muscle
Nervous Tissue - Answers Conducts electrical impulses and carries information, has sensory
receptors.
Homeostasis - Answers The bodies process of maintaining favourable conditions in the internal
environment, these include temperature, pH, salinity, ion concentration, blood sugar levels, fluid
balance etc.
Homeostasis Feedback Mechanisms - Answers When the controlled variable moves too ar from
the set point and responses from the body try to restore the variable back to normal
Homeostasis Feedforward Mechanism - Answers When there is an anticipation of an event that
will alter a controlled variable, so you minimise the effect before the event.
Compact Bone - Answers Strong, good at transmitting force in one direction, all fibres facing
one plane, dense and tightly packed bone fibres
Cancellous Bone - Answers Light and spongy bone, fibres crisscrossing one another, resists and
channels forces from multiple directions, good for shock absorption, like a fishing net, found in
bone where force many come down from multiple directions.
Long Bones - Answers Longer than they are wide, made up of compact bone mostly along the
shaft (diaphysis) and cancellous bone at the ends (epiphysis) , near the joints. mostly limb
bones., act as levers for movement.
Short Bones - Answers Close to equal length and width, often square or circular shape. Mostly
cancellous bone, weight bearing from multiple directions, eg carpals and tarsals
Flat Bones - Answers function usually for muscle attachment and protection of organs. Thin
plates of compact bone, with little cancellous bone, eg scapula.
Irregular Bones - Answers Bones that don't fit into the other classes, various shapes and sizes,
often have foramina (holes) eg vertebrae or pelvis
Axial Skeleton - Answers Bones of the core, protection of vital organs, skull, sternum, ribs and
vertebral column
, Appendicular Skeleton - Answers Bones of the limbs, most important for movement, allow for
muscle attachments
Skull - Answers Cranium (Vault), Facial bones, all join at sutures except mandible
The Vertebral Column - Answers keeps trunk upright, supports the head and weight of the body
Divisions of Vertebral Column - Answers Cervical (7), Thoracic (12) , Lumbar (5), Sacrum and
Coccyx
Rib Cage - Answers 12 pairs of ribs joined to the 12 thoracic vertebrae, joined also to the breast
bone via cartilage to allow for breathing, also includes sternum
Limbs - Answers Arm proximal to Forearm . Thigh proximal to Leg
Limb structure - Answers - single proximal long bone
- humerus/femur
- two distal long bones
- ulna & radius/ tibia & fibula
- hands and feet
Humerus Vs Femur - Answers Humerus - shorter, lighter, deeper articulation
not as much contact between arm and should than femur and hip. Stability Vs Movement
Articulation - Answers joint between two bones
Wrist joint - Answers circular shape allows for pronation and supination, shape of distal
articulation for wrist mobility
Leg - Answers no pronation/ supination, much more stable than wrist, very robust for weight
bearing. Tibia is medial and bigger, fibula is lateral and smaller. tibia most of weight bearing.
Make up of the Hand - Answers Carpals (8) , metacarpals (5) , phalanges (14) (including two in
thumb)
Make up of the Foot - Answers Tarsals (7) , Metatarsals (5), Phalanges (14)
Pectoral Girdle - Answers Clavicle and Scapula,
supports the shoulder and stabilises it
It's critical for shoulder joint movements
It provides structural support for the shoulder
