Bio20B Robin Dunkin Midterm 1 Practice Exam With Correct Answers 100% Verified

surface area to volume ratio - correct answer decreases as animal gets larger -larger animals have a harder time with heat loss multicellularity - correct answer evolution of organisms that are bigger than single celled organisms that allow for specialization types of tissues - correct answer epithelial, muscle, nervous, connective epithelial tissue - correct answer barrier to mechanical disturbance, microbes & fluid loss, absorption & secretion, sheets of tightly packed cells-closely joined SEEN AS: skin, lining of organs(intestines, esophagus, stomach, alveoli) connective tissue - correct answer bind+support to connect cells, spread out cells embedded in extracellular matrix(web of fibers that can be liquid, jelly, solid) SEEN AS: blood, cartilage, bone, loose connective tissue, fat tissue muscle tissue - correct answer locomotion, movement, heat production, long cells are muscle fibers composed of contracting subunits called myofibrils SEEN AS: skeletal muscle(all major muscle group), smooth(intestines)(pupil), cardiac nervous tissue - correct answer transmit information between cells, sense stimuli, coordinate activity, stimulate glands, etc SEEN AS: brain, spinal cord, optic nerve, peripheral nerves carbohydrates - correct answer fuel, stored in liver & muscle cells as glycogen, provide about one day's energy needs fat - correct answer fuel, more energy per gram and little water leptin - correct answer hormone produced by adipose cells in proportion to fat muscle, controls appetite and increases metabolic rate - released when fat is high gastrovascular cavity - correct answer digestive chamber with a single opening tubular guts - correct answer opening at each end (mouth, anus) 4 stages of food processing - correct answer ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination -eating, breaking down food into molecules, uptake of nutrients across cell membranes, passage of undigested material out of digestive compartment homeostasis - correct answer active maintance of internal body conditions around a set point through physiological or behavioral feedback loops -37C -300 moms/L osmolarity Equilibrium - correct answer state of balanced opposing forces, no net change negative feedback loop - correct answer change in variable that counteracts further change in the same direction positive feedback loop - correct answer change in variable that enhances change in the same direction conformer - correct answer ectothermic animal, get heat from environment: maintains outside temp regulator - correct answer endothermic animal, produces their own heat: regulates heat based on external conditions metabolism - correct answer all of the chemical reactions(catabolism & anabolism) that take place in your body to maintain life metabolic rate - correct answer how much energy per unit of time calorie - correct answer amount of heat needed to raise temp 1 gram of water 1 degree C direct calorimetry - correct answer how much heat is produced per unit time indirect calorimetry - correct answer how much oxygen is consumed produced per unit of time basal metabolic rate - correct answer endotherms- the minimum amount of energy required by the body in a day standard metabolic rate - correct answer the metabolic rate of a fasting, nonstressed ectotherm at rest at a particular temperature active metabolic rate - correct answer average metabolic rate during an activity field metabolic rate - correct answer average energy use over time(in its natural environment) resting metabolic rate - correct answer average metabolic rate when undergoing normal behavior(fish) TLC & UCP & TNZ - correct answer lower critical temp, upper critical temp, thermal neutral zone essential nutrient - correct answer something an organism needs that has to come from the diet digestion - correct answer breaking down polymers into monomers absorption - correct answer crossing of monomers through the cell membrane into the bloodstream oral cavity - correct answer obtains/processes food salivary glands - correct answer secrete saliva - amylase & ligase amylase- cleaves starch into glucose monomers & polymers lipase- lipid(triglycerides) breakdown into fatty acids & monoglycerides pharynx - correct answer pathway to esophagus, peristalsis happens and closes off food from larynx esophagus - correct answer transportation to stomach stomach - correct answer stores food, mechanical disruption, digestion(protein) pancreas - correct answer secretes digestive enzymes, insulin & glucagon as zymogens zymogens- digestive enzymes produced in inactive form liver - correct answer produces bile(fat digestion) gallbladder - correct answer stores bile small intestine - correct answer site of digestion +absorption large intestine - correct answer absorbs H20 + minerals -aquaporins -bacterial flora(e. coli) breaks down organic material and produces viatmins anus & rectum - correct answer excretes waste duodenum - correct answer food enters here & chyme is mixed with proteases, bile, bicarbonate -signals gallbladder to contract & release bile bile - correct answer emulsifies fats from liver proteases - correct answer trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, from pancreas bicarbonate - correct answer buffers acidic chyme, from pancreas trypsinogen - correct answer inactive form of trypsin, actived by entering kinase in duodenum, activated version triggers zymogens DJIlleum - correct answer 1st Duodenum 2nd Jejunum 3rd Ileum chylomicrons - correct answer large lipoprotein particles that transport dietary fat & cholesterol describe process for absorption of fats - correct answer bile salts create smaller fat droplet micelles and carries lipids to lipase to be digested. The fatty acids and monoglycerides are then able to enter small intestine through epithelial cells by being packaged in chylomicrons gastrin - correct answer released by stomach in blood and stimulates secretion of HCL, pepsin, increasing mobility of stomach secretin - correct answer in duodenum, causes pancreas to secrete digestive juices cholecystokinin - correct answer in small intestine, causes gallbladder to release bile, stimulates pancreas, slows stomach describe path of insulin blood regulation - correct answer glucose levels rise after eating, pancreas excretes insulin into the blood, insulin enhances transport of glucose into cells & simulates the liver muscle to store glucose as glycogen. glucose levels drop, pancreas releases glucagon which opposes insulin and promotes breakdown of glycogen in the liver to release glucose into the blood. 90mg glucose over 100 ml blood - correct answer homeostatic setpoint type 1 diabetes - correct answer body doesn't produce insulin, autoimmune disease where body system destroys beta cells of pancreas type 2 diabetes - correct answer body doesn't produce enough insulin or glucose channels are unresponsive due to insulin resistance, glucose cannot be taken up into the cells osmoregulation - correct answer process of regulating the concentration of solutes and water in the body osmolarity - correct answer total concentration of osmotically active particles in a solution -sugar, protein, salts hyposomotic - correct answer a solution has a relatively lower solute concentration compared to another solution hyperosmotic - correct answer a solution has a relatively higher solute concentration compared to another solution dehydration - correct answer compromises circulatory system and body temp regulation isoosmotic solution - correct answer a solution with the same concentration as a reference solution, for example body fluids -IV explain difference between marine environment, freshwater environment, terrestrial environment - correct answer filtration - correct answer extracellular fluid filtered to get rid of cells & large molecules secretion - correct answer specialized cells may secrete particular molecules/ions into the filtrate depending on body mass reabsorption - correct answer molecules and/or H20 may be reabsorbed depending on body's needs flame cell - correct answer beating cili which creates negative pressure in tubule tubule - correct answer alters composition of the extracellular fluid nephron - correct answer function unit of the kidney lined with transport epithelia flatworm - correct answer prontonephridium -flame call and tubule cortial nephrons - correct answer confined to cortex