LCC Nursing Fundamentals exam 4 Actual Questions And Detailed Verified Answers.

Summarize the normal structure and function of the body's defense system. - correct answers-First line of defense: Normal Flora: a group of non-disease-causing microorganisms that live in or on the body -Second line of defense: Inflammation: a local response to cellular injury or infection that includes capillary dilation and leukocyte infiltration Produces redness, heat, pain and swelling -Third line of defense :Immune response: Body's attempt to protect itself from foreign and harmful substances. Immune system recognizes and destroys substances that contain foreign antigens define antigen - correct answers any substance that provokes an adaptive immune response what is innate immunity - correct answers skin, cough reflex, mucus, enzymes on the skin and in tears, and acid in the GI tract prohibit harmful substances from entering the body Define and describe the concept of inflammation - correct answers-a local response to cellular injury or infection that includes capillary dilation and leukocyte infiltration. -Produces: redness, heat, pain, and swelling define and describe the concept of acute inflammatory process - correct answers-increase Vascular Permeability -Cellular Chemotaxis: attract WBC to injury, amplify/stop inflammation, Leukocytosis (Increase WBC in Blood), increase CRP -Systemic Response: fever, pain, Lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph nodes), anorexia, sleepiness, lethargy, anemia, weight loss, define infection - correct answers the invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be unapparent or the result of local cellular injury caused by competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. what are the 3 locations of infection - correct answers-localized -disseminated -systemic name the 6 chains of infection - correct answers-infectious agent -the source of infection -portal of exit -mode of transmission -portal of entry -susceptible host Explain what infectious agents are - correct answers pathogens that cause disease (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites) explain what the source of infection is - correct answers Reservoir or host (inanimate objects, humans, animals) explain what the portal of exit is - correct answers the means by which the pathogen escapes from the reservoir of infection (emesis, sputum, urine, stool, blood, genital secretions, wound drainage) explain the mode of transmission - correct answers form of transport of the pathogen (contact, airborne, droplet, vector borne) explain the portal of entry and how nurses can help break the chain - correct answers-the means by which the mirco-organism enters the susceptible tract (GI/GU tract, respiratory tract, skin breakdown -Nurse can help with standard precautions and hand hygiene what is a susceptible host - correct answers someone exposed to an infectious agent what are the factors that increase host susceptibility? - correct answers-extreme age (infants and elderly) -Gender (females and men w? enlarged prostate greater risk for UTI) -Disabilities causing immobility -poor/uninsured -residents of geographic areas where infections is prevalent -obesity -breaks in the line of defense -illness/injury -tobacco use/substance abuse -multiple sex partners -chronic disease -nursing/medical procedures What are the potential consequences of infection on the body's defense systems? - correct answers infection that overcome the body's compensatory mechanisms (vascular, renal, nervous, respiratory) -> septic shock -> multi-system failure -> death differentiate healthcare-associated infections from community-associated infection - correct answers-healthcare-associated infection: infections acquired while the patient is receiving treatment in a healthcare facility -community-associated infection: infections acquired in the community (schools, grocery stores) what is drug resistance? - correct answers when antibiotics that have been used to treat certain micro-organisms in the past are no longer effective what are factors contributing to drug-resistance? - correct answers-prescribing antibiotics for non-bacterial infections -Use of inappropriate antibiotics -incomplete course of antibiotics what is happening in healthcare due to increasing drug-resistance? - correct answers-infections are becoming increasingly hard to treat -drug resistant microbes pose a considerable health risk for general population and healthcare workers what are the assessment findings that suggest localized inflammation/infection? - correct answers Redness, swelling, warmth, pain, tenderness, numbness/tingling, loss of function to affected area what are the assessment findings that suggest systemic inflammation/infection? - correct answers fever, increased heart rate, increased respiratory rate, lethargy, anorexia, lymph node tenderness/enlargement, muscle aches, headaches, acute confusion (elderly) How is fever helpful in relation to infection? - correct answers-higher body temp increases efficiency of WBCs in their defense of the body against foreign invaders -microbial organism's bacterial products and cytokines all act as pyrogens that cause the fever What are negative effects of a fever? - correct answers-With every one degree of increase in body temp the heart rate goes up by 10 bpm -Chilling or shivering is not good because it causes an increase in the need for more oxygen increasing the demand -Vasodialation and intense sweating/diaphoresis occur to dissipate the body heat what is the normal range for WBC? - correct answers5,000-10,000 cells/cubic mm what is Leukocytosis and what does it indicate? - correct answers-increased amount of WBC -indicates immune response/bacterial infection What does a decrease in WBC mean for the patient? - correct answers Reduction in the fighting ability what are the brains of the immune response and what are they associated with? - correct answers-lymphocytes (including B and T-cells) -viral diseases What are the brutes of the immune response and what are they associated with? - correct answers-neutrophils and monocytes -bacterial infection What is colonization? - correct answers Microbes that: -do not invade the tissue, -do not cause immune response, -do not cause signs/symptoms