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WGU D115
WGU D115 Final Exam | Advanced Pathophysiology
for the Advanced Practice Nurse | Qs & As| Grade A|
100% Correct Latest Update (2025/ 2026)
How is gender determined from a genetic perspective? - ANS ✓2 x chromosomes =
female
Xy = male
Examples of multifactorial diseases - ANS ✓coronary heart disease, hypertension,
cancer
Criteria for multifactorial inheritance - ANS ✓below the threshold, a person is not
affected by the disease; above the threshold, the disease will affect the person
How do monozygotic and dizygotic twins differ genetically? - ANS ✓monozygotic twins
are genetic clones
Dizygotic twins are no more similar than siblings
Well-known examples of imprinting - ANS ✓prader-willi, angelman, beckwith-
wiedemann, russell-silver
Which chromosome is affected in individuals with down syndrome? - ANS ✓21 (trisomy
21)
Clinical characteristics of down syndrome - ANS ✓low nasal bridge
Epicanthal folds
Protruding tongue
WGU D115
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WGU D115
Flat low-set ears
Poor muscle tone
Short stature
Health challenges of down syndrome - ANS ✓congenital heart defects (33%)
Reduced ability to fight respiratory infections
Increased susceptibility to leukemia
Characteristic symptoms of alzheimer's by age 40
Risk factors associated with down syndrome - ANS ✓increased maternal age
Chromosomal abnormality of turner syndrome - ANS ✓trisomy x (xxx)
Clinical characteristics of turner syndrome - ANS ✓gonadal streaks
Short stature
Webbing of the neck (50%)
Widely spaced nipples
Coarctation of the aorta (15-20%)
Sparse body hair
Pedal edema in newborns
Possible mental impairment
Treatment for turner syndrome - ANS ✓estrogen to promote development of secondary
sex characteristics
Human growth hormone to increase stature
Chromosomal abnormality of klinefelter syndrome - ANS ✓xxy
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WGU D115
Clinical characteristics of klinefelter syndrome - ANS ✓male appearance
Sterility
Gynecomastia (50%)
Small testes
Sparse body hair
Higher-pitched voice
Elevated stature
Moderate degree of mental impairment
Mitosis - ANS ✓nuclear division
Translation (dna) - ANS ✓the process by which rna assembles proteins
Phenotype - ANS ✓outward appearance of an individual
Genotype - ANS ✓composition of genes at a given locus
Incidence rate - ANS ✓the number of new cases of a disease during a specific period
divided by the total population
Prevalence rate - ANS ✓proportion of the population affected by a disease at a specific
point in time
Relative risk - ANS ✓increased rate of disease among individuals exposed to a risk factor
divided by incidence rate of the disease among individuals not exposed to a risk factor
3 layers of human defense - ANS ✓first line: mechanical, physical, and biochemical
barriers
Second line: inflammation
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WGU D115
Third line: adaptive (acquired) immunity
What is the process of inflammation? - ANS ✓1. Damaged cells release histamines,
bradykinin, and prostaglandins
2. Increased vascular permeability, causing fluid to leak into tissues
3. Localized edema
4. Phagocytic activation
Difference between acute and chronic inflammation - ANS ✓chronic inflammation last
for 2 weeks or longer, regardless of the cause
Phases of wound healing - ANS ✓1. Inflammation: coagulation and infiltration of cells
that promote wound healing
2. Proliferation: macrophages invade the dissolving clot, and fibroblasts proliferate and
engage in collagen synthesis; wound contraction
3. Maturation: continued cellular differentiation, scar formation, and scar remodeling
Differences in the inflammatory response in neonates - ANS ✓depressed inflammatory
and immune response
The process of adaptive immunity - ANS ✓1. After first exposure to foreign antigen,
primary immune response is initiated and the stimulation of specialized antigen-
reactive immune leukocytes clone t and b cells
2. Each lymphocyte clone produces a unique protein that interacts with a single antigen
3. If exposed to the same antigen again, the secondary immune response is stronger
What terms are collectively known as hypersensitivity reactions? - ANS ✓allergic
reactions
Type i hypersensitivity reaction - ANS ✓mediated by antigen-specific ige and products
of mast cells
WGU D115
WGU D115
WGU D115 Final Exam | Advanced Pathophysiology
for the Advanced Practice Nurse | Qs & As| Grade A|
100% Correct Latest Update (2025/ 2026)
How is gender determined from a genetic perspective? - ANS ✓2 x chromosomes =
female
Xy = male
Examples of multifactorial diseases - ANS ✓coronary heart disease, hypertension,
cancer
Criteria for multifactorial inheritance - ANS ✓below the threshold, a person is not
affected by the disease; above the threshold, the disease will affect the person
How do monozygotic and dizygotic twins differ genetically? - ANS ✓monozygotic twins
are genetic clones
Dizygotic twins are no more similar than siblings
Well-known examples of imprinting - ANS ✓prader-willi, angelman, beckwith-
wiedemann, russell-silver
Which chromosome is affected in individuals with down syndrome? - ANS ✓21 (trisomy
21)
Clinical characteristics of down syndrome - ANS ✓low nasal bridge
Epicanthal folds
Protruding tongue
WGU D115
, 2
WGU D115
Flat low-set ears
Poor muscle tone
Short stature
Health challenges of down syndrome - ANS ✓congenital heart defects (33%)
Reduced ability to fight respiratory infections
Increased susceptibility to leukemia
Characteristic symptoms of alzheimer's by age 40
Risk factors associated with down syndrome - ANS ✓increased maternal age
Chromosomal abnormality of turner syndrome - ANS ✓trisomy x (xxx)
Clinical characteristics of turner syndrome - ANS ✓gonadal streaks
Short stature
Webbing of the neck (50%)
Widely spaced nipples
Coarctation of the aorta (15-20%)
Sparse body hair
Pedal edema in newborns
Possible mental impairment
Treatment for turner syndrome - ANS ✓estrogen to promote development of secondary
sex characteristics
Human growth hormone to increase stature
Chromosomal abnormality of klinefelter syndrome - ANS ✓xxy
WGU D115
, 3
WGU D115
Clinical characteristics of klinefelter syndrome - ANS ✓male appearance
Sterility
Gynecomastia (50%)
Small testes
Sparse body hair
Higher-pitched voice
Elevated stature
Moderate degree of mental impairment
Mitosis - ANS ✓nuclear division
Translation (dna) - ANS ✓the process by which rna assembles proteins
Phenotype - ANS ✓outward appearance of an individual
Genotype - ANS ✓composition of genes at a given locus
Incidence rate - ANS ✓the number of new cases of a disease during a specific period
divided by the total population
Prevalence rate - ANS ✓proportion of the population affected by a disease at a specific
point in time
Relative risk - ANS ✓increased rate of disease among individuals exposed to a risk factor
divided by incidence rate of the disease among individuals not exposed to a risk factor
3 layers of human defense - ANS ✓first line: mechanical, physical, and biochemical
barriers
Second line: inflammation
WGU D115
, 4
WGU D115
Third line: adaptive (acquired) immunity
What is the process of inflammation? - ANS ✓1. Damaged cells release histamines,
bradykinin, and prostaglandins
2. Increased vascular permeability, causing fluid to leak into tissues
3. Localized edema
4. Phagocytic activation
Difference between acute and chronic inflammation - ANS ✓chronic inflammation last
for 2 weeks or longer, regardless of the cause
Phases of wound healing - ANS ✓1. Inflammation: coagulation and infiltration of cells
that promote wound healing
2. Proliferation: macrophages invade the dissolving clot, and fibroblasts proliferate and
engage in collagen synthesis; wound contraction
3. Maturation: continued cellular differentiation, scar formation, and scar remodeling
Differences in the inflammatory response in neonates - ANS ✓depressed inflammatory
and immune response
The process of adaptive immunity - ANS ✓1. After first exposure to foreign antigen,
primary immune response is initiated and the stimulation of specialized antigen-
reactive immune leukocytes clone t and b cells
2. Each lymphocyte clone produces a unique protein that interacts with a single antigen
3. If exposed to the same antigen again, the secondary immune response is stronger
What terms are collectively known as hypersensitivity reactions? - ANS ✓allergic
reactions
Type i hypersensitivity reaction - ANS ✓mediated by antigen-specific ige and products
of mast cells
WGU D115
