Clinical Neuroscience Final Exam spring 2025 Questions
With Complete Solutions
4 Laws of Behavioral Genetics Correct Answers 1.) all human
behavioral traits are heritable
2.) the effects of being raised in the same family is smaller than
the effects of genes
3.) a substantial portion of the variations between human
behavioral traits is not accounted for by the effects of genes or
family
4.) a typical behavioral trait is associated with many genetic
variants, each of which accounts for a small percentage of that
behavioral trait
Absolute Refractory Period Correct Answers ○occurs at
hyperpolarization
○impossible to initiate AP
Acetylcholine (ACh) Pathway Correct Answers ○Synthesis
(RLF): choline, ChAT
○Location: CNS (tegmentum, N. basalis) PNS (ANS, NMJ)
○Receptors: (i) nAChR and (m) mAChR
○Inactivation: AChE
Action Potential Response to Decrease in Extracellular K+
Correct Answers ○decrease in resting potential mV
○decrease in peak mV
Action Potential Response to Decrease in Extracellular Na+
Correct Answers ○peak mV decrease (less mV needed to
transmit signal)
,○AP occurs slower
Action Potential Response to Increase in Extracellular K+
Correct Answers ○increases resting potential membrane mV
○increases peak mV along with membrane mV
Action Potential Response to Increase in Extracellular Na+
Correct Answers ○higher peak (more mV for signal to be
transmitted)
○AP occurs faster
Action Potentials Correct Answers ○nondecremental
○conducted more slowly than PSPs
○passive and active
○actively generated at each node
Angelman and Prader-Willi (genetic disorder) Correct Answers
○caused by the deletion of same gene
Angleman:
○maternal origin
Prader-Willi
○paternal origin
Associativity (regarding LTP) Correct Answers transmission
at one synapse can increase the strength of transmission at
another synapse that is activate at the same time
Astrocytes Correct Answers ○CNS and PNS
○forms BBB
○provides nutrients to neurons
○keeps synapses balanced
, ○maintains chemical environment
○guide neural development
○communicate through Gap Junctions
Axo-Axonic Synapse Correct Answers modulatory neuron
synapses on the axon of pre-synaptic neuron which synapses
onto post-synaptic neuron
Axodendritic Synapse Correct Answers ○most common
○terminal of pre-synaptic neuron synapses on dendrite of post-
synaptic neuron
Batrachotoxin Correct Answers ○from dart frog
○causes continual depolarization of neurons
Ca2+ Signal Cascade Correct Answers Binds to Calmodulin:
○activates PKA and PKC which activates CREB synthesis
Binds to Calbindin:
○inhibits Ca2+ effects
Stores Ca2+ in ER and Mitochondria:
○restores original [Ca2+]
Calculating Heritability Correct Answers ○a^2: additive
genetic effects
○c^2: shared environment effects
○e^2: unshared environment effects
CAMP Cascade Correct Answers activates protein kinase A
(PKA) which increases protein phosphorylation
With Complete Solutions
4 Laws of Behavioral Genetics Correct Answers 1.) all human
behavioral traits are heritable
2.) the effects of being raised in the same family is smaller than
the effects of genes
3.) a substantial portion of the variations between human
behavioral traits is not accounted for by the effects of genes or
family
4.) a typical behavioral trait is associated with many genetic
variants, each of which accounts for a small percentage of that
behavioral trait
Absolute Refractory Period Correct Answers ○occurs at
hyperpolarization
○impossible to initiate AP
Acetylcholine (ACh) Pathway Correct Answers ○Synthesis
(RLF): choline, ChAT
○Location: CNS (tegmentum, N. basalis) PNS (ANS, NMJ)
○Receptors: (i) nAChR and (m) mAChR
○Inactivation: AChE
Action Potential Response to Decrease in Extracellular K+
Correct Answers ○decrease in resting potential mV
○decrease in peak mV
Action Potential Response to Decrease in Extracellular Na+
Correct Answers ○peak mV decrease (less mV needed to
transmit signal)
,○AP occurs slower
Action Potential Response to Increase in Extracellular K+
Correct Answers ○increases resting potential membrane mV
○increases peak mV along with membrane mV
Action Potential Response to Increase in Extracellular Na+
Correct Answers ○higher peak (more mV for signal to be
transmitted)
○AP occurs faster
Action Potentials Correct Answers ○nondecremental
○conducted more slowly than PSPs
○passive and active
○actively generated at each node
Angelman and Prader-Willi (genetic disorder) Correct Answers
○caused by the deletion of same gene
Angleman:
○maternal origin
Prader-Willi
○paternal origin
Associativity (regarding LTP) Correct Answers transmission
at one synapse can increase the strength of transmission at
another synapse that is activate at the same time
Astrocytes Correct Answers ○CNS and PNS
○forms BBB
○provides nutrients to neurons
○keeps synapses balanced
, ○maintains chemical environment
○guide neural development
○communicate through Gap Junctions
Axo-Axonic Synapse Correct Answers modulatory neuron
synapses on the axon of pre-synaptic neuron which synapses
onto post-synaptic neuron
Axodendritic Synapse Correct Answers ○most common
○terminal of pre-synaptic neuron synapses on dendrite of post-
synaptic neuron
Batrachotoxin Correct Answers ○from dart frog
○causes continual depolarization of neurons
Ca2+ Signal Cascade Correct Answers Binds to Calmodulin:
○activates PKA and PKC which activates CREB synthesis
Binds to Calbindin:
○inhibits Ca2+ effects
Stores Ca2+ in ER and Mitochondria:
○restores original [Ca2+]
Calculating Heritability Correct Answers ○a^2: additive
genetic effects
○c^2: shared environment effects
○e^2: unshared environment effects
CAMP Cascade Correct Answers activates protein kinase A
(PKA) which increases protein phosphorylation
