Which condition is cyanosis followed by rubor and paraesthesias in the digits associated with?
Atherosclerosis
Varicose veins
Raynaud phenomenon or disease
Thromboangiitis obliterans - CORRECT ANS - Raynaud phenomenon affects the small vessels
supplying blood to the fingers and toes; this vasoconstriction produces rubor and paresthesias in the
digits.
Which three assessment findings are a sign of atherosclerosis?
Arcus senilis
Cardiac murmurs
Xanthelasmas
Carotid arterial bruits
Extra-rapid heart sounds - CORRECT ANS - Xanthelasmas, arcus senilis, and carotid arterial bruits
are associated with atherosclerosis. Xanthelasmas are small fat deposits around the eyes that suggests
dyslipidemia, which is associated with atherosclerosis. Arcus senilis is a yellow lipid ring around the
cornea that suggests dyslipidemia, which is associated with atherosclerosis. Carotid arterial bruits
result from a narrowing of the carotid arteries and suggest probable atherosclerotic disease.
Which three statements are true regarding atherosclerosis?
Atherosclerosis is the thickening and hardening of the vessel wall.
Atherosclerosis can affect all vascular systems in the body.
Atherosclerosis is an acute process of heart muscle degeneration.
Endothelial cell injury begins the process of atherosclerosis. - CORRECT ANS - Atherosclerosis is a
form of arteriosclerosis in which thickening and hardening of the vessels (not heart muscle) occurs.
Collagen deposits over a fatty streak cause plaque. Additionally, atherosclerosis begins with injury to
, the endothelial cells that line artery walls. Furthermore, atherosclerosis is not a single disease; rather,
it is a pathologic process that can affect vascular systems throughout the body.
Which four cardiac anomalies are associated with tetralogy of Fallot?
Right ventricular hypertrophy
Atrial septal defect
Tricuspid atresia
Overriding aorta
Ventricular septal defect
Pulmonary stenosis - CORRECT ANS - A ventricular septal defect (VSD) that is high in the septum
and usually large is associated with tetralogy of Fallot. Pulmonary stenosis and right ventricular
hypertrophy are also associated with tetralogy of Fallot. The overriding aorta straddles the VSD and is
associated with tetralogy of Fallot.
Select four characteristics of tricuspid atresia.
No pathway between the right heart chambers
Cyanosis in the newborn experiencing this disorder
Children at risk for endocarditis
Mixing of deoxygenated and oxygenated bloods
Decrease in pulmonary blood flow - CORRECT ANS - Tricuspid atresia is failure of the tricuspid
valve to develop; consequently, there is no communication from the right atrium to the right ventricle.
Additionally, blood flows through an atrial septal defect or a patent foramen ovale to the left atrium
and through a VSD into the right ventricle, resulting in the complete mixing of deoxygenated and
oxygenated blood. Moreover, in the newborn period, a murmur is noted, and cyanosis is usually seen.
Lastly, children are at risk for bacterial endocarditis, brain abscess, and stroke.
Which two processes are involved in platelet activation?
Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) inactivation
Aggregation
Adhesion - CORRECT ANS - Platelet activation involves three linked processes: (1) adhesion, (2)
activation, and (3) aggregation. Platelet activation stimuli include epinephrine, thrombin, and
collagen.
Atherosclerosis
Varicose veins
Raynaud phenomenon or disease
Thromboangiitis obliterans - CORRECT ANS - Raynaud phenomenon affects the small vessels
supplying blood to the fingers and toes; this vasoconstriction produces rubor and paresthesias in the
digits.
Which three assessment findings are a sign of atherosclerosis?
Arcus senilis
Cardiac murmurs
Xanthelasmas
Carotid arterial bruits
Extra-rapid heart sounds - CORRECT ANS - Xanthelasmas, arcus senilis, and carotid arterial bruits
are associated with atherosclerosis. Xanthelasmas are small fat deposits around the eyes that suggests
dyslipidemia, which is associated with atherosclerosis. Arcus senilis is a yellow lipid ring around the
cornea that suggests dyslipidemia, which is associated with atherosclerosis. Carotid arterial bruits
result from a narrowing of the carotid arteries and suggest probable atherosclerotic disease.
Which three statements are true regarding atherosclerosis?
Atherosclerosis is the thickening and hardening of the vessel wall.
Atherosclerosis can affect all vascular systems in the body.
Atherosclerosis is an acute process of heart muscle degeneration.
Endothelial cell injury begins the process of atherosclerosis. - CORRECT ANS - Atherosclerosis is a
form of arteriosclerosis in which thickening and hardening of the vessels (not heart muscle) occurs.
Collagen deposits over a fatty streak cause plaque. Additionally, atherosclerosis begins with injury to
, the endothelial cells that line artery walls. Furthermore, atherosclerosis is not a single disease; rather,
it is a pathologic process that can affect vascular systems throughout the body.
Which four cardiac anomalies are associated with tetralogy of Fallot?
Right ventricular hypertrophy
Atrial septal defect
Tricuspid atresia
Overriding aorta
Ventricular septal defect
Pulmonary stenosis - CORRECT ANS - A ventricular septal defect (VSD) that is high in the septum
and usually large is associated with tetralogy of Fallot. Pulmonary stenosis and right ventricular
hypertrophy are also associated with tetralogy of Fallot. The overriding aorta straddles the VSD and is
associated with tetralogy of Fallot.
Select four characteristics of tricuspid atresia.
No pathway between the right heart chambers
Cyanosis in the newborn experiencing this disorder
Children at risk for endocarditis
Mixing of deoxygenated and oxygenated bloods
Decrease in pulmonary blood flow - CORRECT ANS - Tricuspid atresia is failure of the tricuspid
valve to develop; consequently, there is no communication from the right atrium to the right ventricle.
Additionally, blood flows through an atrial septal defect or a patent foramen ovale to the left atrium
and through a VSD into the right ventricle, resulting in the complete mixing of deoxygenated and
oxygenated blood. Moreover, in the newborn period, a murmur is noted, and cyanosis is usually seen.
Lastly, children are at risk for bacterial endocarditis, brain abscess, and stroke.
Which two processes are involved in platelet activation?
Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) inactivation
Aggregation
Adhesion - CORRECT ANS - Platelet activation involves three linked processes: (1) adhesion, (2)
activation, and (3) aggregation. Platelet activation stimuli include epinephrine, thrombin, and
collagen.
