Pub 340 Exam 1 Flashcards questions
with answers
Epidemiology - answersThe study of the distribution and determinants of diseases,
injuries, disability, and mortality in populations, and the application of this study to the
control of health problems in populations
Outcome - answersAll possible results that may occur after the exposure
Risk Factor - answersA factor (exposure) that increases the chance or probability of
getting the outcome
Distribution - answersThe occurrence of health conditions/ outcomes varies in
populations; some subgroups of the populations more frequently affected than others
Determinants - answersAn individual risk factor or set of factors that is/are causally
related to a health condition , outcome, or other defined characteristic.
Exposure - answersContact with a disease causing factor (risk factor)
Population - answersA collection of people who share common observable
characteristics
Sample - answersA subgroup that has been selected from the population
Parameter - answersNumerical descriptor of a population
Statistic - answersNumerical descriptor of a sample
Simple-random sampling - answersevery member of the population has an equal
chance of being selected
systematic sampling - answersuses a systematic procedure to select a sample of a
fixed size
Stratified random sampling - answerspopulation split into non-overlapping groups,
strata, following which, simple random sampling applied to each group
cluster sampling - answerspopulation divided into groups, clusters, following which,
clusters are chosen (instead of individuals)
, conveinence sampling - answersincludes the individuals who happen to be most easily
accessible to the researcher
voluntary response sampling - answersindividuals volunteer themselves to participate in
the study by responding to advertisements, leaflets, etc.
representativeness - answersthe degree to which characteristics of the sample
correspond to the characteristics of the population from which the sample was chosen
estimation - answersusing sample-based data to infer conclusions about the population
reasons for conducting sampling - answers-impossible to study the entire population
-sample are studied, inferences are drawn about populations
-possible cost savings, more feasible
surveillance - answers-ongoing and systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of
health data essential to planning, implementation and evaluation of public health
practice, closely integrated with the timely dissemination of these data to those
responsible for prevention and control
role of surveillance in PH - answers1.) detect health problems
2.) measure trends of diseases and their risk factors
3.) evaluations of PH programs, interventions, and policies
4.) develop hypotheses and conduct research
passive surveillance - answershealthcare providers, laboratories report cases of
disease to the local/state health departments or data gathering centers
active surveillance - answerspublic health agencies actively gather information by
contacting healthcare providers, laboratories, nursing homes, or directly collecting data
from people
active vs. passive - answersactive
-labor intensive, requires skilled staff
-expensive
-more difficult to develop
-provides more accurate and complete data due to reduced reporting burden for health
care providers
passive
-less labor intensive
-relatively inexpensive
-increases burden on providers
-completeness of data may be questionable
-can miss cases
with answers
Epidemiology - answersThe study of the distribution and determinants of diseases,
injuries, disability, and mortality in populations, and the application of this study to the
control of health problems in populations
Outcome - answersAll possible results that may occur after the exposure
Risk Factor - answersA factor (exposure) that increases the chance or probability of
getting the outcome
Distribution - answersThe occurrence of health conditions/ outcomes varies in
populations; some subgroups of the populations more frequently affected than others
Determinants - answersAn individual risk factor or set of factors that is/are causally
related to a health condition , outcome, or other defined characteristic.
Exposure - answersContact with a disease causing factor (risk factor)
Population - answersA collection of people who share common observable
characteristics
Sample - answersA subgroup that has been selected from the population
Parameter - answersNumerical descriptor of a population
Statistic - answersNumerical descriptor of a sample
Simple-random sampling - answersevery member of the population has an equal
chance of being selected
systematic sampling - answersuses a systematic procedure to select a sample of a
fixed size
Stratified random sampling - answerspopulation split into non-overlapping groups,
strata, following which, simple random sampling applied to each group
cluster sampling - answerspopulation divided into groups, clusters, following which,
clusters are chosen (instead of individuals)
, conveinence sampling - answersincludes the individuals who happen to be most easily
accessible to the researcher
voluntary response sampling - answersindividuals volunteer themselves to participate in
the study by responding to advertisements, leaflets, etc.
representativeness - answersthe degree to which characteristics of the sample
correspond to the characteristics of the population from which the sample was chosen
estimation - answersusing sample-based data to infer conclusions about the population
reasons for conducting sampling - answers-impossible to study the entire population
-sample are studied, inferences are drawn about populations
-possible cost savings, more feasible
surveillance - answers-ongoing and systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of
health data essential to planning, implementation and evaluation of public health
practice, closely integrated with the timely dissemination of these data to those
responsible for prevention and control
role of surveillance in PH - answers1.) detect health problems
2.) measure trends of diseases and their risk factors
3.) evaluations of PH programs, interventions, and policies
4.) develop hypotheses and conduct research
passive surveillance - answershealthcare providers, laboratories report cases of
disease to the local/state health departments or data gathering centers
active surveillance - answerspublic health agencies actively gather information by
contacting healthcare providers, laboratories, nursing homes, or directly collecting data
from people
active vs. passive - answersactive
-labor intensive, requires skilled staff
-expensive
-more difficult to develop
-provides more accurate and complete data due to reduced reporting burden for health
care providers
passive
-less labor intensive
-relatively inexpensive
-increases burden on providers
-completeness of data may be questionable
-can miss cases
