LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENT EXAM
STUDY GUIDE (CH. 1-8) QUESTIONS
WITH COMPLETE ANSWERS
Christa, a rather demonstrative 7-year-old, hits her brother for laughing at her and feels
guilty about it afterward. According to Freud, Christa's guilty feelings reflect the
operation of the
a. id
b. ego
c. superego
d. defense mechanism - Answer-c.
According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, the first crisis, which occurs during infancy,
is
a. trust versus mistrust
b. autonomy versus shame and doubt
c. initiative versus guilt
d. industry versus inferiority - Answer-a.
The virtue that develops when children successfully resolve Erikson's first stage of
development, which occurs during infancy, is
a. will
b. hope
c. fidelity
d. competence - Answer-b.
According to the ______ perspective, people's actions are reactions to aspects of their
environment that they find pleasing, painful, or threatening.
a. organismic
b. behaviorism
c. psychoanalytic
d. humanistic - Answer-b.
Stacy's mother believes that most of Stacy's acting out lately has been caused by
unconscious forces within her that motivate her behavior. Stacy's mother follows the
________ perspective.
a. humanistic
b. ethological
c. psychoanalytic
d. learning - Answer-c.
,According to Freud, the part of the personality that operates on the "pleasure principle,"
seeking the immediate gratification of desires, is the
a. id
b. ego
c. superego
d. ego ideal - Answer-a.
According to Freud, the part of the personality that operates on the "reality principle,"
realistically finding ways to obtain gratification, is the
a. id
b. ego
c. superego
d. conscience - Answer-b.
Any consequence of a behavior that INCREASES the likelihood of that behavior being
repeated is called
a. punishment
b. reinforcement
c. an aversive event
d. classical conditioning - Answer-b.
Punishment _____ a behavior by bringing on a(n) ____ event.
a. increases; aversive or unpleasant
b. suppresses; aversive or unpleasant
c. suppresses; positive or pleasant
d. increases; negative or unpleasant - Answer-b.
According to social learning theory, the most important element in how children learn a
language, deal with aggression, develop a sense of morality, and learn gender-
appropriate behavior is
a. classical conditioning
b. observation and imitation
c. punishment of inappropriate behavior
d. shaping of appropriate behavior - Answer-b.
Stacy feels confident in knowing she has what it takes to succeed. Stacy has developed
a. cognition
b. behavioral analysis
c. social learning
d. self-efficacy - Answer-d.
The perspective on human behavior that is concerned with thought processes and the
behavior that reflects those processes is called the _____ perspective.
a. cognitive
b. thinking
c. behavioral
, d. intellectual - Answer-a.
Jay is interested in putting together a puzzle. However, he is not quite capable yet and
his mother is helping him along. The difference between what Jay can do by himself
and what he still needs help with reflects Vygotsky's notion of
a. structured application
b. zone of proximal development
c. distal learning
d. zone of distal development - Answer-b.
_____ refers to the temporary support that parents, teachers, and others give a child in
doing a task until the child can do it alone.
a. laddering
b. constructing
c. scaffolding
d. supporting - Answer-c.
Dr. Willard is studying the way in which infant siblings interact with one another in the
home. According to the Brofenbrenner's theory, Dr. Willard is studying the children in
their
a. microsystem
b. mesosystem
c. exosystem
d. macrosystem - Answer-a.
Dr. Berry, who employs Brofenbrenner's approach to human development, is studying
the relationship between the quality of parent-child interactions in the home and the
success of children in school. Dr. Berry is studying development at the _______ level of
environmental influence.
a. microsystem
b. mesosystem
c. exosystem
d. macrosystem - Answer-b.
The collapse of communism in Eastern Europe has significantly altered most
government institutions there. According to the ecological approach, the government
changes are changes in people's
a. microsystem
b. mesosystem
c. endosystem
d. macrosystem - Answer-d.
According to Brofenbrenner, a country's policy on maternal leave occurs at which level
of environmental influence?
a. microsystem
b. macrosystem
STUDY GUIDE (CH. 1-8) QUESTIONS
WITH COMPLETE ANSWERS
Christa, a rather demonstrative 7-year-old, hits her brother for laughing at her and feels
guilty about it afterward. According to Freud, Christa's guilty feelings reflect the
operation of the
a. id
b. ego
c. superego
d. defense mechanism - Answer-c.
According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, the first crisis, which occurs during infancy,
is
a. trust versus mistrust
b. autonomy versus shame and doubt
c. initiative versus guilt
d. industry versus inferiority - Answer-a.
The virtue that develops when children successfully resolve Erikson's first stage of
development, which occurs during infancy, is
a. will
b. hope
c. fidelity
d. competence - Answer-b.
According to the ______ perspective, people's actions are reactions to aspects of their
environment that they find pleasing, painful, or threatening.
a. organismic
b. behaviorism
c. psychoanalytic
d. humanistic - Answer-b.
Stacy's mother believes that most of Stacy's acting out lately has been caused by
unconscious forces within her that motivate her behavior. Stacy's mother follows the
________ perspective.
a. humanistic
b. ethological
c. psychoanalytic
d. learning - Answer-c.
,According to Freud, the part of the personality that operates on the "pleasure principle,"
seeking the immediate gratification of desires, is the
a. id
b. ego
c. superego
d. ego ideal - Answer-a.
According to Freud, the part of the personality that operates on the "reality principle,"
realistically finding ways to obtain gratification, is the
a. id
b. ego
c. superego
d. conscience - Answer-b.
Any consequence of a behavior that INCREASES the likelihood of that behavior being
repeated is called
a. punishment
b. reinforcement
c. an aversive event
d. classical conditioning - Answer-b.
Punishment _____ a behavior by bringing on a(n) ____ event.
a. increases; aversive or unpleasant
b. suppresses; aversive or unpleasant
c. suppresses; positive or pleasant
d. increases; negative or unpleasant - Answer-b.
According to social learning theory, the most important element in how children learn a
language, deal with aggression, develop a sense of morality, and learn gender-
appropriate behavior is
a. classical conditioning
b. observation and imitation
c. punishment of inappropriate behavior
d. shaping of appropriate behavior - Answer-b.
Stacy feels confident in knowing she has what it takes to succeed. Stacy has developed
a. cognition
b. behavioral analysis
c. social learning
d. self-efficacy - Answer-d.
The perspective on human behavior that is concerned with thought processes and the
behavior that reflects those processes is called the _____ perspective.
a. cognitive
b. thinking
c. behavioral
, d. intellectual - Answer-a.
Jay is interested in putting together a puzzle. However, he is not quite capable yet and
his mother is helping him along. The difference between what Jay can do by himself
and what he still needs help with reflects Vygotsky's notion of
a. structured application
b. zone of proximal development
c. distal learning
d. zone of distal development - Answer-b.
_____ refers to the temporary support that parents, teachers, and others give a child in
doing a task until the child can do it alone.
a. laddering
b. constructing
c. scaffolding
d. supporting - Answer-c.
Dr. Willard is studying the way in which infant siblings interact with one another in the
home. According to the Brofenbrenner's theory, Dr. Willard is studying the children in
their
a. microsystem
b. mesosystem
c. exosystem
d. macrosystem - Answer-a.
Dr. Berry, who employs Brofenbrenner's approach to human development, is studying
the relationship between the quality of parent-child interactions in the home and the
success of children in school. Dr. Berry is studying development at the _______ level of
environmental influence.
a. microsystem
b. mesosystem
c. exosystem
d. macrosystem - Answer-b.
The collapse of communism in Eastern Europe has significantly altered most
government institutions there. According to the ecological approach, the government
changes are changes in people's
a. microsystem
b. mesosystem
c. endosystem
d. macrosystem - Answer-d.
According to Brofenbrenner, a country's policy on maternal leave occurs at which level
of environmental influence?
a. microsystem
b. macrosystem
