Solutions Manual For Artificial Intelligence A Modern Approach 4th Edition By Stuart J. Russell and Peter Norvig (1)

SOLUTIONS,&,INSTRUCTOR,MANUAL
Artificial,Intelligence:,A,Modern,Approach,,4th,Edition
by,Peter,Norvig,and,Stuart,Russell,,Chapters,1,–,28,

,Artificial,Intelligence
,,,,1,Introduction,...,

,,,,2,Intelligent,Agents,...,

II,Problem-solving
,,,,3,Solving,Problems,by,Searching,...,

,,,,4,Search,in,Complex,Environments,...,

,,,,5,Adversarial,Search,and,Games,...,

,,,,6,Constraint,Satisfaction,Problems,...,

III,Knowledge,,reasoning,,and,planning
,,,,7,Logical,Agents,...,

,,,,8,First-Order,Logic,...,

,,,,9,Inference,in,First-Order,Logic,...

,,,,10,Knowledge,Representation,...,

,,,,11,Automated,Planning,...,

IV,Uncertain,knowledge,and,reasoning
,,,,12,Quantifying,Uncertainty,...,

,,,,13,Probabilistic,Reasoning,...,

,,,,14,Probabilistic,Reasoning,over,Time,...,

,,,,15,Probabilistic,Programming,...,

,,,,16,Making,Simple,Decisions,...,

,,,,17,Making,Complex,Decisions,...,

,,,,18,Multiagent,Decision,Making,...,

V,Machine,Learning

,,,,,19,Learning,from,Examples,...,

,,,,20,Learning,Probabilistic,Models,...,

,,,,21,Deep,Learning,...,

,,,,22,Reinforcement,Learning,...,

VI,Communicating,,perceiving,,and,acting
,,,,23,Natural,Language,Processing,...,

,,,,24,Deep,Learning,for,Natural,Language,Processing,...,

,,,,25,Computer,Vision,...,

,,,,26,Robotics,...,

VII,Conclusions
,,,,27,Philosophy,,Ethics,,and,Safety,of,AI,...,

,,,,28,The,Future,of,AI

, EXERCISES, , 1
INTRODUCTION
Note,that,for,many,of,the,questions,in,this,chapter,,we,give,references,where,answers,can,b
e,found,rather,than,writing,them,out—the,full,answers,would,be,far,too,long.

1.1 , What,Is,AI?

Exercise,1.1.#DEFA
Define,in,your,own,words:, (a),intelligence,,(b),artificial,intelligence,,(c),agent,,(d),ra-
,tionality,,(e),logical,reasoning.

a. Dictionary,definitions,of,intelligence,talk,about,“the,capacity,to,acquire,and,apply,k
nowledge”,or,“the,faculty,of,thought,and,reason”,or,“the,ability,to,comprehend,and,
profit,from,experience.”, These,are,all,reasonable,answers,,but,if,we,want,something,
quantifiable,we,would,use,something,like,“the,ability,to,act,successfully,across,a,wid
e,range,of,objectives,in,complex,environments.”
b. We,define,artificial,intelligence,as,the,study,and,construction,of,agent,programs,tha
t,perform,well,in,a,given,class,of,environments,,for,a,given,agent,architecture;,they,d
o,the,right,thing., An,important,part,of,that,is,dealing,with,the,uncertainty,of,what,th
e,current,state,is,,what,the,outcome,of,possible,actions,might,be,,and,what,is,it,that,
we,really,desire.
c. We,define,an,agent,as,an,entity,that,takes,action,in,response,to,percepts,from,an,envi
-,ronment.
d. We,define,rationality,as,the,property,of,a,system,which,does,the,“right,thing”,given
,what,it,knows., See,Section,2.2,for,a,more,complete,discussion., The,basic,concept,i
s,perfect,rationality;,Section,??,describes,the,impossibility,of,achieving,perfect,ration
al-,ity,and,proposes,an,alternative,definition.
e. We,define,logical,reasoning,as,the,a,process,of,deriving,new,sentences,from,old,,suc
h,that,the,new,sentences,are,necessarily,true,if,the,old,ones,are,true.,(Notice,that,does,
not,refer,to,any,specific,syntax,or,formal,language,,but,it,does,require,a,well-
defined,notion,of,truth.)


Exercise,1.1.#TURI
Read,Turing’s,original,paper,on,AI,(Turing,,1950)., In,the,paper,,he,discusses,several,obj
ections,to,his,proposed,enterprise,and,his,test,for,intelligence.,Which,objections,still,carry
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d.