Bipolar Disorder and Depression LATEST UPDATED 2025/2026 Study Guide | Boost exam success with our focused Bipolar Disorder and Depression WITH COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND SURE VERIFIED SOLUTIONS 100% GRADED AT A+ SCORE!! SURE GUARANTEED PASS!!

Bipolar Disorder and Depression LATEST UPDATED 2025/2026 Study Guide | Boost exam success with our focused Bipolar Disorder and Depression WITH COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND SURE VERIFIED SOLUTIONS 100% GRADED AT A+ SCORE!! SURE GUARANTEED PASS!! 1. Bipolar I disorder - ANSWER Characterized by one or more episodes of mania and one or more depression episodes. It is the most severe type of bipolar disorder and is typically treated with antipsychotics. 2. Bipolar disorder - ANSWER Mood disorders with recurrent episodes of depression and mania. Mania is characterized by abnormally elevated mood, rapid thoughts, actions, speech, and spending sprees. Risk factors include genetics, psychological stress, substance use disorder, and relapse. 3. Mood-stabilizing medications - ANSWER Include lithium, antiepileptic medications (valproic acid, carbamazepine), and antipsychotics. Antidepressants should not be used to treat bipolar disorder, and if used, should be prescribed with a mood stabilizer to prevent rebound mania. 4. Normal lithium range - ANSWER Therapeutic range is 0.8 - 1.2 mEq/L. Below range may lead to diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and muscle weakness, while above range may cause polydipsia, urinary incontinence, mental confusion, and ECG changes. 5. Interventions for manic patients - ANSWER Involve decreased stimulation and promotion of relaxation, focusing on safety and maintaining physical health, and using therapeutic milieu to provide a safe environment during an acute phase. 6. Bipolar II disorder - ANSWER Characterized by one or more episodes of hypomania and one or more depression episodes. It is less severe than bipolar I disorder. 7. Antiepileptic medications - ANSWER Include valproate and carbamazepine (Tegretol), used to treat bipolar disorder. Valproate may lead to hepatotoxicity, pancreatitis, thrombocytopenia, teratogenesis, and weight gain. Carbamazepine may cause blood dyscrasias, teratogenesis, hyperosmolarity, skin disorders, and CNS side effects. 8. Lithium levels - ANSWER Therapeutic range is 0.8 - 1.2 mEq/L. Below range (0.8) may lead to manic behaviors, within range (0.8-1.2) is therapeutic, and above range (1.2) indicates lithium toxicity. 9. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) - ANSWER Indicated for major depressive disorder, schizophrenia spectrum disorders, and acute manic episodes. Contraindications include cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular disorders, and seizures. Complications may include memory loss, confusion, cardiovascular changes, and reactions to anesthesia. 10. MAOIs - ANSWER Foods to avoid include cured or smoked meats, aged or fermented cheeses, aged or cured fish, fermented or pickled foods, beer, and red wine. 11. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) - ANSWER Provides electrical stimulation through a device surgically implanted under the skin of the client's chest, often used for major depressive disorder, anxiety, obesity, and pain. Complications may include voice changes, hoarseness, throat or neck pain, cough, and dyspnea. 12. Grief - ANSWER Refers to the inner emotional response to loss, while mourning includes the outward display of loss. Types of loss include necessary, actual, perceived, maturational, and situational. Theories of grief include Kubler-Ross's 5 stages, Bowlby's 4 stages, Engel's 5 stages, and Worden's 4 tasks. 13. Signs of depression - ANSWER Include anergia, anhedonia, sluggishness, somatic complaints, and vegetative findings such as changes in eating patterns, bowel habits, sleep disturbances, and interest in sexual activity. 14. Antidepressants - ANSWER Include SSRIs, TCAs, SNRIs, MAOIs, and atypical antidepressants. SSRIs are the leading treatment for depression, while TCAs and SNRIs have their own specific side effects and interactions. 15. Crisis interventions - ANSWER Are designed to provide rapid assistance for individuals or groups who have an urgent need, directed at the resolution of the immediate problem causing a crisis. Primary, secondary, and tertiary care are involved in providing support during different phases of a crisis. 16. Abuse - ANSWER Includes physical, sexual, neglect, emotional maltreatment, and economic abuse. Factors that increase the risk of being abused include being a female partner, trying to leave the relationship, pregnancy, children under 3-4, and older adults. 17. Rape-trauma syndrome - ANSWER Refers to the sustained and maladaptive response to a forced, violent sexual penetration against the individual's will and consent, leading to emotional, expressed, controlled, and somatic reactions. 18. Group therapy terms - ANSWER Include group process, group norm, hidden agenda, and subgroup, which collectively define the communication, behavior, and structure within a group therapy setting. 19. Importance of support groups - ANSWER Support groups are crucial for individuals who have suffered a loss as they provide emotional support, understanding, and coping strategies during the grieving process. 20. Factors motivating rapists - ANSWER Aggression and control are the primary factors motivating rapists to commit sexual assault, seeking power and dominance over their victims. 21. Transference vs countertransference - ANSWER Transference refers to the redirection of a patient's feelings for a significant person to the therapist, while countertransference occurs when a therapist projects their own unresolved conflicts onto the patient. 22. Overt versus covert statements - ANSWER Overt statements are direct and explicit, while covert statements are indirect and implicit, often requiring interpretation to understand the underlying message. 23. Cognitive reframing & cognitive behavioral therapy - ANSWER Cognitive reframing involves changing the way an individual perceives a situation, while cognitive behavioral therapy is a form of psychotherapy that focuses on modifying dysfunctional emotions, behaviors, and thoughts. 24. Elizabeth Kubler-Ross's five stages of grieving - ANSWER Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance are the five stages of grieving proposed by Elizabeth Kubler-Ross. 25. Erik Erikson's 8 stages of development - ANSWER Erik Erikson's 8 stages of development include trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame and doubt, initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, identity vs. role confusion, intimacy vs. isolation, generativity vs. stagnation, and integrity vs. despair.