NURS 611 patho exam 1 & TEST BANK 2025 COMPLETE
QUESTIONS & CORRECT ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES.
GRADED A+ (MARYVILLE UNIVERSITY)
Apoptosis - ANSA programmed cell death that is regulated or programmed. Cellular
self-destruction for elimination or unwanted cell populations
Calcium and phosphorus have what kind of relationship> and is influenced by which 3
things? - ANS1- reciprocal
2- PTH, calcitonin, and vit D
causes of hypermagnesemia - ANS1- renal insufficiency or failure (most common)
2- excessive intake of mag antacids
3- adrenal insufficiency
causes of hyperphosphatemia - ANS1- acute or chronic renal failure
2-treatment of metastatic tumors with chemo that releases large amounts of phosphate
3- long term use of laxatives/enemas
4- hypoparathyroidism
causes of hypocalcemia? - ANS1- Hypoalbuminemia
2- massive blood administration
3- Decreases in PTH and Vit D levels
4- malnutrition
5-alkalosis
6-elevated calcitonin level
7-pancreatitis
8- inadequate GI absorption
causes of hypomagnesemia - ANS1- malnutrition
2-alcoholism
3-malabsorption syndrome
4- urinary losses
Causes of metabolic alkalosis - ANS1- vomiting
2-NG suctioning
3-Hypokalemia
4-diuretic therapy
excess HCO3 intake
causes of resp. alkalosis - ANS1- hyperventilation
2- stroke, septicemia, meningitis, encephalitis, brain injury
3- mechanical hyperventilation
, cellular metabolism- what molecule gives us energy? - ANSATP functions as the
energy-transferring molecule
Cystic fibrosis is caused by what type of gene? - ANSautosomal recessive
During ischemia, what effect does the loss of ATP have on the cells? - ANSa reduction
of ATP levels (ATP needs oxygen) that causes the Na+/K+ pump and Na+/Ca
exchange to fail, leading to intracellular accumulation of Sodium and calcium and
diffusion of K+ out of the cell . Sodium and water can enter cell freely causing cellular
swelling
Example of beneficial physiologic hypertrophy? - ANShypertrophy of myocardial cells
from endurance training
example of compensatory hyperplasia? - ANSregeneration of the liver
example of hormonal hyperplasia - ANSenlargement of the uterus during pregnancy
example of metaplasia - ANSnormal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial
lining being replaced by squamous cells. can be reversed if irritant stopped
example of pathologic hypertrophy - ANScardiomegaly in a hypertensive patient
example of pathological hyperplasia - ANSendometrial tissue
explain how fluid moves from the intravascular space into the interstitial space. what is it
influenced by>? - ANSthrough the arterial end of capillaries and the capillary hydrostatic
pressure being higher than the capillary oncotic pressure. It is influenced by the cardiac
system (think about the heart getting fluids/nutrients where they need to go)
Explain RAAS - ANS1- circulating blood volume/pressure is reduced felt by the kidneys
2- renin is released in response to the sympathetic nerve stimulation and decreased
perfusion of the renal vasculature. Angiotension I is converted into Angiotension II.
3- aldosterone is pumped out by the adrenal glans (main hormone released to increase
perfusion). aldosterone increased sodium and therefore an increase in storage of water
and increases BP
How common is a given disease in a population? - ANSwell-established measures are
used to answer this question
How does aging affect lysosomes? - ANSleads to progressive loss of lysosomal
efficiency which declines the regenerative capacity of organs and tissue
How does someone get cystic fibrosis? - ANSthe individual must be homozygous for a
recessive allele to express the disease (both parents have to have the allele)
QUESTIONS & CORRECT ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES.
GRADED A+ (MARYVILLE UNIVERSITY)
Apoptosis - ANSA programmed cell death that is regulated or programmed. Cellular
self-destruction for elimination or unwanted cell populations
Calcium and phosphorus have what kind of relationship> and is influenced by which 3
things? - ANS1- reciprocal
2- PTH, calcitonin, and vit D
causes of hypermagnesemia - ANS1- renal insufficiency or failure (most common)
2- excessive intake of mag antacids
3- adrenal insufficiency
causes of hyperphosphatemia - ANS1- acute or chronic renal failure
2-treatment of metastatic tumors with chemo that releases large amounts of phosphate
3- long term use of laxatives/enemas
4- hypoparathyroidism
causes of hypocalcemia? - ANS1- Hypoalbuminemia
2- massive blood administration
3- Decreases in PTH and Vit D levels
4- malnutrition
5-alkalosis
6-elevated calcitonin level
7-pancreatitis
8- inadequate GI absorption
causes of hypomagnesemia - ANS1- malnutrition
2-alcoholism
3-malabsorption syndrome
4- urinary losses
Causes of metabolic alkalosis - ANS1- vomiting
2-NG suctioning
3-Hypokalemia
4-diuretic therapy
excess HCO3 intake
causes of resp. alkalosis - ANS1- hyperventilation
2- stroke, septicemia, meningitis, encephalitis, brain injury
3- mechanical hyperventilation
, cellular metabolism- what molecule gives us energy? - ANSATP functions as the
energy-transferring molecule
Cystic fibrosis is caused by what type of gene? - ANSautosomal recessive
During ischemia, what effect does the loss of ATP have on the cells? - ANSa reduction
of ATP levels (ATP needs oxygen) that causes the Na+/K+ pump and Na+/Ca
exchange to fail, leading to intracellular accumulation of Sodium and calcium and
diffusion of K+ out of the cell . Sodium and water can enter cell freely causing cellular
swelling
Example of beneficial physiologic hypertrophy? - ANShypertrophy of myocardial cells
from endurance training
example of compensatory hyperplasia? - ANSregeneration of the liver
example of hormonal hyperplasia - ANSenlargement of the uterus during pregnancy
example of metaplasia - ANSnormal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial
lining being replaced by squamous cells. can be reversed if irritant stopped
example of pathologic hypertrophy - ANScardiomegaly in a hypertensive patient
example of pathological hyperplasia - ANSendometrial tissue
explain how fluid moves from the intravascular space into the interstitial space. what is it
influenced by>? - ANSthrough the arterial end of capillaries and the capillary hydrostatic
pressure being higher than the capillary oncotic pressure. It is influenced by the cardiac
system (think about the heart getting fluids/nutrients where they need to go)
Explain RAAS - ANS1- circulating blood volume/pressure is reduced felt by the kidneys
2- renin is released in response to the sympathetic nerve stimulation and decreased
perfusion of the renal vasculature. Angiotension I is converted into Angiotension II.
3- aldosterone is pumped out by the adrenal glans (main hormone released to increase
perfusion). aldosterone increased sodium and therefore an increase in storage of water
and increases BP
How common is a given disease in a population? - ANSwell-established measures are
used to answer this question
How does aging affect lysosomes? - ANSleads to progressive loss of lysosomal
efficiency which declines the regenerative capacity of organs and tissue
How does someone get cystic fibrosis? - ANSthe individual must be homozygous for a
recessive allele to express the disease (both parents have to have the allele)
