,Nephroptsosis - CORRECT ANSWERS -Floating kidneys, the kidney slips from its normal
position
The Nephron - CORRECT ANSWERS -Functional unit of the kidney, site of filtration,
secretion and reabsorption
Glomerular filtration - CORRECT ANSWERS -Water and most solutes in blood plasma
move across the wall of the glomerular capillaries and are filtered and move through the
glomerular capsule and into the renal tubule
Tubular reabsorption - CORRECT ANSWERS -The filtered fluid moves along the renal
tubule and collecting ducts and tubule cells reabsorb water and many useful solutes,
these flow back through the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta
Tubular secretion - CORRECT ANSWERS -Filtered fluid flows through the renal tubes
and collecting ducts the renal tubule and duct cells secrete materials such as wastes,
drugs, excess ions into fluid
Edema - CORRECT ANSWERS -Loss of plasma proteins in urine, a abnormally high
volume of interstitial fluid
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) - CORRECT ANSWERS -The amount of filtrate formed
in all renal corpuscles of both kidneys each minute
Myogenic mechanism - CORRECT ANSWERS -Decreases GFR, an increase in
stretching of smooth muscle in afferent arteriole walls (increase BP), causes the stretched
smooth muscle fibers to contract and narrrow lumen of afferent arterioles
Tubuloglomerular feedback - CORRECT ANSWERS -Decreases GFR, increase deliever
of Na and Cl due to high BP causes a decreased release of Nitric oxide (NO) and a
contriction of afferent arterioles
Neural regulation of GFR - CORRECT ANSWERS -Decrease in GFR, and increase of
activity level in sympathetic nerves releases norepinephrine and causes a constriction of
afferent arterioles and an increase of renin
Angiotensin II (Hormonal regulation of GFR) - CORRECT ANSWERS -Decrease in GFR,
decreased blood volume or BP stimulates production of angiotensin II which causes a
constriction of afferent and efferent arterioles
Atrial natriuretic peptide (Hormonal regulation of GFR) - CORRECT ANSWERS -Increase
in GFR, stretching of the atria of the heart stimulates secretion of ANP and causes a
relaxation of mesangial cells which increases surface area available for filtration
A substance being reabsorbed can... - CORRECT ANSWERS -Take two routes, it can
move between the adjacent tubule cells or through an individual tubule cell
, Paracellular reabsorption - CORRECT ANSWERS -Fluid leaks between cells through
tight junctions
Transcellular reabsorption - CORRECT ANSWERS -A substance passes from the fluid
through the apical membrane, across the cytosol and into the interstitial fluid through the
basolateral membrane
Glucosuria - CORRECT ANSWERS -Glucose remains in urine because the renal
symporters cannot work fast enough to reabsorb all the glucose, cause is often diabetes
Reabsorption in the PCT - CORRECT ANSWERS -Most reabsorption occurs in PCT:
100% filtered glucose, amino acids, vitamins
65% water
65% Na+
55% K+
50% Cl-
50% urea
90% bicarbonate
Secretion in the PCT - CORRECT ANSWERS -Ammonia and urea are filtered and
secreted
Angiotensin II - CORRECT ANSWERS -Increases reabsorption of Na+ and H20, increase
BP, stimulated by low BP
Aldosterone - CORRECT ANSWERS -Increases secretion of K+ and reabsorption of Na,
H20, which increase BP, stimulated by increased angiotensin II and plasma K+ levels
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - CORRECT ANSWERS -Increase facultative reabsorption
of water and decreases osmolarity, stimulated by and increase in osmolarity or a
decrease in blood volume
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) - CORRECT ANSWERS -Increases excretion of Na+ in
urine, increases urine output and decreases BP, stimulated by stretching of the heart's
atria
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) - CORRECT ANSWERS -Increase reabsorption of Ca2+,
stimulated by decrease levels of Ca2+ in plasma
Formation of concentrated urine - CORRECT ANSWERS -The kidneys concerve water
under the influence of the ADH hormone, which depends on the osmotic gradient of
solutes (Na+, Cl-, and urea)
Urinalysis - CORRECT ANSWERS -An analysis of the volume and physical, chemical,
and microscopic properties of urine
position
The Nephron - CORRECT ANSWERS -Functional unit of the kidney, site of filtration,
secretion and reabsorption
Glomerular filtration - CORRECT ANSWERS -Water and most solutes in blood plasma
move across the wall of the glomerular capillaries and are filtered and move through the
glomerular capsule and into the renal tubule
Tubular reabsorption - CORRECT ANSWERS -The filtered fluid moves along the renal
tubule and collecting ducts and tubule cells reabsorb water and many useful solutes,
these flow back through the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta
Tubular secretion - CORRECT ANSWERS -Filtered fluid flows through the renal tubes
and collecting ducts the renal tubule and duct cells secrete materials such as wastes,
drugs, excess ions into fluid
Edema - CORRECT ANSWERS -Loss of plasma proteins in urine, a abnormally high
volume of interstitial fluid
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) - CORRECT ANSWERS -The amount of filtrate formed
in all renal corpuscles of both kidneys each minute
Myogenic mechanism - CORRECT ANSWERS -Decreases GFR, an increase in
stretching of smooth muscle in afferent arteriole walls (increase BP), causes the stretched
smooth muscle fibers to contract and narrrow lumen of afferent arterioles
Tubuloglomerular feedback - CORRECT ANSWERS -Decreases GFR, increase deliever
of Na and Cl due to high BP causes a decreased release of Nitric oxide (NO) and a
contriction of afferent arterioles
Neural regulation of GFR - CORRECT ANSWERS -Decrease in GFR, and increase of
activity level in sympathetic nerves releases norepinephrine and causes a constriction of
afferent arterioles and an increase of renin
Angiotensin II (Hormonal regulation of GFR) - CORRECT ANSWERS -Decrease in GFR,
decreased blood volume or BP stimulates production of angiotensin II which causes a
constriction of afferent and efferent arterioles
Atrial natriuretic peptide (Hormonal regulation of GFR) - CORRECT ANSWERS -Increase
in GFR, stretching of the atria of the heart stimulates secretion of ANP and causes a
relaxation of mesangial cells which increases surface area available for filtration
A substance being reabsorbed can... - CORRECT ANSWERS -Take two routes, it can
move between the adjacent tubule cells or through an individual tubule cell
, Paracellular reabsorption - CORRECT ANSWERS -Fluid leaks between cells through
tight junctions
Transcellular reabsorption - CORRECT ANSWERS -A substance passes from the fluid
through the apical membrane, across the cytosol and into the interstitial fluid through the
basolateral membrane
Glucosuria - CORRECT ANSWERS -Glucose remains in urine because the renal
symporters cannot work fast enough to reabsorb all the glucose, cause is often diabetes
Reabsorption in the PCT - CORRECT ANSWERS -Most reabsorption occurs in PCT:
100% filtered glucose, amino acids, vitamins
65% water
65% Na+
55% K+
50% Cl-
50% urea
90% bicarbonate
Secretion in the PCT - CORRECT ANSWERS -Ammonia and urea are filtered and
secreted
Angiotensin II - CORRECT ANSWERS -Increases reabsorption of Na+ and H20, increase
BP, stimulated by low BP
Aldosterone - CORRECT ANSWERS -Increases secretion of K+ and reabsorption of Na,
H20, which increase BP, stimulated by increased angiotensin II and plasma K+ levels
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - CORRECT ANSWERS -Increase facultative reabsorption
of water and decreases osmolarity, stimulated by and increase in osmolarity or a
decrease in blood volume
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) - CORRECT ANSWERS -Increases excretion of Na+ in
urine, increases urine output and decreases BP, stimulated by stretching of the heart's
atria
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) - CORRECT ANSWERS -Increase reabsorption of Ca2+,
stimulated by decrease levels of Ca2+ in plasma
Formation of concentrated urine - CORRECT ANSWERS -The kidneys concerve water
under the influence of the ADH hormone, which depends on the osmotic gradient of
solutes (Na+, Cl-, and urea)
Urinalysis - CORRECT ANSWERS -An analysis of the volume and physical, chemical,
and microscopic properties of urine
