- "Allergic reaction"
- Mediated by IgE.
- Inflammation d/t mast cell degranulation.
- Hay fever, hives (uticaria).
- Local s/s: itching, rash.
Type 1 Hypersensitivity Reaction - Systemic: wheezing.
- Severe, systemic reaction: anaphylaxis: hypotension, severe bronchoconstriction.
- Main tx: epinephrine.
- Cytotoxic reaction; tissue specific
- Macrophages are the primary effectors cells involved
- Causes tissue damage or alters function
- Examples: 1) Grave's disease- example of altering thyroid function, doesn't destroy
thyroid tissue. 2) ABO incompatibility- example of cell/tissue damage; severe
Type 2 Hypersensitivity Reaction
transfusion reaction occurs & the transfused erythrocytes are destroyed by
agglutination or complement-mediated lysis.
- Type 2: organ specific; antibody binds to the antigen on the cell surface.
- Type 3: not organ specific; antibody binds to soluble antigen outside the cell surface
Difference between type 2 & 3 that was released into the blood or body fluids, and the complex is then deposited in
hypersensitivity reactions the tissues.
- Immune complex
- Antigen-antibody complex deposited in the tissues
- Neutrophils are the primary effector cell
Type 3 Hypersensitivity Reaction - Causes autoimmune diseases
- Examples: rheumatoid arthritis (joints), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE, organs)
- Facial rash confined to the cheeks (malar rash)
- Discoid rash (raised patches, scaling)
- Photosensitivity (skin rash d/t sunlight exposure)
- Oral or nasopharyngeal ulcers
- Hematologic disorders (hemolytic anemia, leukopenia, lymphopenia,
thrombocytopenia)
- Immunologic disorders
- Non-erosive arthritis of at least two peripheral joints
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) - Serositis (pleurisy, pericarditis)
- Renal disorder
- Neurologic disorders (seizures, psychosis)
- Presence of antinuclear antibody (ANA)
- Can be familial: Affected family members may not all develop the same disease, but
several members may have different disorders characterized by a variety of
Autoimmunity hypersensitivity reactions (autoimmune and allergic reactions).
- General term used to describe when an individual's immune system reacts against
antigens on the tissues of other members of the same species.
- Examples: Neonatal disease where the maternal immune system becomes sensitized
Alloimmunity against antigens expressed by the fetus, Transplant rejection, Transfusion reaction.
- T-cell mediated
- Lymphocytes
- Does not involve antigen/antibody complexes
- Delayed response
Type 4 Hypersensitivity Reaction - Ex: localized contact dermatitis. Treated with a topical corticosteroid (wouldn't use
antihistamine since Type 4 doesn't involve mast cells and H1 receptors).
, - Type 1: Immediate hypersensitivity reactions, termed atopic dermatitis, are usually
characterized by widely distributed lesions.
- Type 4: Contact dermatitis (delayed hypersensitivity) consists of lesions only at the
site of contact with the allergen.
Differentiating between the rash of a Type 1 The key determinant is the timing of the rash:
vs Type 4 Reaction -Type 1 = Immediate
-Type 4 = Delayed: Several days following contact, ex- poison ivy
- Most are the result of single gene defects.
- Occurs d/t immune system development defect.
- Antibody deficiencies, B- and T-cell deficiencies, phagocytic cell defects, complement
deficiency
Primary Immunodeficiency - Ex: chronic granulomatous disease, familial Mediterranean fever, common variable
immunodeficiency
- Complication of some other physiologic condition or disease.
- Malnutrition is one of the most common causes worldwide.
Secondary Immunodeficiency - Cancer, drugs, chemotherapeutic agents.
The recycling of iron from old red blood cells (RBCs)
Most of our body's iron stores come from.....
- Measure of the average concentration of hemoglobin inside a single red blood cell.
- Normal (normochromic anemia): aplastic anemia, post-hemorrhagic anemia,
hemolytic anemia.
- Low (hypochromic): iron deficiency anemia, sideroblastic anemia, thalassemia.
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin - High (hyperchromic): hereditary spherocytosis, liver disease, hyperthyroidism, sickle
Concentration (MCHC) cell disease.
- Microcytic & hypochromic
- Caused by disorders of hemoglobin synthesis
Iron Deficiency Anemia - Lab: ferritin (reflects the body's total iron stores -> low reflects anemia, but does not
tell you what type)
RBC distribution width (RDW)
Increased ____ ________ ______ is one of
the earliest lab markers in developing
macrocytic anemia.
- Megaloblastic anemia
- Alcoholism, malnutrition
Folate Deficiency - Lab values: folate (low), MCV (high- macrocytic), MCHC (normal- normochromic),
reticulocyte (normal or high), serum iron (normal or low).
- Pernicious anemia
- S/S: fatigue, dyspnea, peripheral neuropathy (numbness & tingling) in bilateral lower
extremities (BLE)
- Risk factor: older adults, H. Pylori infection, d/o affecting b-12 absorption,
vegetarian/vegan
Vitamin B-12 Deficiency - Lab values: low B-12, high MCV (macrocytic), normal MCHC (normochromic), low
reticulocyte, and normal or high iron
- Destruction/lysis of red blood cells.
- Causes: transfusion reaction (cytotoxic type 2), autoimmune reaction, drug-induced
Hemolytic Anemia (allergic reaction)
Acute blood loss anemia - Trauma victims who are losing blood
- Mediated by IgE.
- Inflammation d/t mast cell degranulation.
- Hay fever, hives (uticaria).
- Local s/s: itching, rash.
Type 1 Hypersensitivity Reaction - Systemic: wheezing.
- Severe, systemic reaction: anaphylaxis: hypotension, severe bronchoconstriction.
- Main tx: epinephrine.
- Cytotoxic reaction; tissue specific
- Macrophages are the primary effectors cells involved
- Causes tissue damage or alters function
- Examples: 1) Grave's disease- example of altering thyroid function, doesn't destroy
thyroid tissue. 2) ABO incompatibility- example of cell/tissue damage; severe
Type 2 Hypersensitivity Reaction
transfusion reaction occurs & the transfused erythrocytes are destroyed by
agglutination or complement-mediated lysis.
- Type 2: organ specific; antibody binds to the antigen on the cell surface.
- Type 3: not organ specific; antibody binds to soluble antigen outside the cell surface
Difference between type 2 & 3 that was released into the blood or body fluids, and the complex is then deposited in
hypersensitivity reactions the tissues.
- Immune complex
- Antigen-antibody complex deposited in the tissues
- Neutrophils are the primary effector cell
Type 3 Hypersensitivity Reaction - Causes autoimmune diseases
- Examples: rheumatoid arthritis (joints), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE, organs)
- Facial rash confined to the cheeks (malar rash)
- Discoid rash (raised patches, scaling)
- Photosensitivity (skin rash d/t sunlight exposure)
- Oral or nasopharyngeal ulcers
- Hematologic disorders (hemolytic anemia, leukopenia, lymphopenia,
thrombocytopenia)
- Immunologic disorders
- Non-erosive arthritis of at least two peripheral joints
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) - Serositis (pleurisy, pericarditis)
- Renal disorder
- Neurologic disorders (seizures, psychosis)
- Presence of antinuclear antibody (ANA)
- Can be familial: Affected family members may not all develop the same disease, but
several members may have different disorders characterized by a variety of
Autoimmunity hypersensitivity reactions (autoimmune and allergic reactions).
- General term used to describe when an individual's immune system reacts against
antigens on the tissues of other members of the same species.
- Examples: Neonatal disease where the maternal immune system becomes sensitized
Alloimmunity against antigens expressed by the fetus, Transplant rejection, Transfusion reaction.
- T-cell mediated
- Lymphocytes
- Does not involve antigen/antibody complexes
- Delayed response
Type 4 Hypersensitivity Reaction - Ex: localized contact dermatitis. Treated with a topical corticosteroid (wouldn't use
antihistamine since Type 4 doesn't involve mast cells and H1 receptors).
, - Type 1: Immediate hypersensitivity reactions, termed atopic dermatitis, are usually
characterized by widely distributed lesions.
- Type 4: Contact dermatitis (delayed hypersensitivity) consists of lesions only at the
site of contact with the allergen.
Differentiating between the rash of a Type 1 The key determinant is the timing of the rash:
vs Type 4 Reaction -Type 1 = Immediate
-Type 4 = Delayed: Several days following contact, ex- poison ivy
- Most are the result of single gene defects.
- Occurs d/t immune system development defect.
- Antibody deficiencies, B- and T-cell deficiencies, phagocytic cell defects, complement
deficiency
Primary Immunodeficiency - Ex: chronic granulomatous disease, familial Mediterranean fever, common variable
immunodeficiency
- Complication of some other physiologic condition or disease.
- Malnutrition is one of the most common causes worldwide.
Secondary Immunodeficiency - Cancer, drugs, chemotherapeutic agents.
The recycling of iron from old red blood cells (RBCs)
Most of our body's iron stores come from.....
- Measure of the average concentration of hemoglobin inside a single red blood cell.
- Normal (normochromic anemia): aplastic anemia, post-hemorrhagic anemia,
hemolytic anemia.
- Low (hypochromic): iron deficiency anemia, sideroblastic anemia, thalassemia.
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin - High (hyperchromic): hereditary spherocytosis, liver disease, hyperthyroidism, sickle
Concentration (MCHC) cell disease.
- Microcytic & hypochromic
- Caused by disorders of hemoglobin synthesis
Iron Deficiency Anemia - Lab: ferritin (reflects the body's total iron stores -> low reflects anemia, but does not
tell you what type)
RBC distribution width (RDW)
Increased ____ ________ ______ is one of
the earliest lab markers in developing
macrocytic anemia.
- Megaloblastic anemia
- Alcoholism, malnutrition
Folate Deficiency - Lab values: folate (low), MCV (high- macrocytic), MCHC (normal- normochromic),
reticulocyte (normal or high), serum iron (normal or low).
- Pernicious anemia
- S/S: fatigue, dyspnea, peripheral neuropathy (numbness & tingling) in bilateral lower
extremities (BLE)
- Risk factor: older adults, H. Pylori infection, d/o affecting b-12 absorption,
vegetarian/vegan
Vitamin B-12 Deficiency - Lab values: low B-12, high MCV (macrocytic), normal MCHC (normochromic), low
reticulocyte, and normal or high iron
- Destruction/lysis of red blood cells.
- Causes: transfusion reaction (cytotoxic type 2), autoimmune reaction, drug-induced
Hemolytic Anemia (allergic reaction)
Acute blood loss anemia - Trauma victims who are losing blood
