BIO 344 Exam 5 Spring Test Review
Questions and Already Passed
Answers 2025 Updated.
1. Describe the cell cycle including the different phases that occur during mitosis - Answer -
The cell cycle is the cells way to grow and divide to make new cells. It contains interphase which
consists of G1, S, and the G2 phase.
-It also consists of Mitosis which is the M phase. 2 distinct divisions occur during the M phase:
-Mitosis: when the nuclear DNA of the cell condenses to visible chromosomes and are
pulled apart by the mitotic spindle (MADE OF WHAT?). Mitosis takes place in four stages
(prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase)
-Cytokinesis: is when the cytoplasm of the cell is split in two, making two new cells.
Cytokinesis usually begins just as mitosis is ending
Prophase: When chromosomes begin to condense, mitotic spindle begins to form,
nucleus will break down because the area that makes ribosomes has disappeared,
and the spindles will begin attaching to the chromosomes.
Metaphase: spindle has captured all of the chromosomes and has lined them up in the middle
(metaphase plate), kinetochores are attached to microtubules from
opposite sides.
Anaphase: cohesion is broken down so that the sister chromatids are allowed to pull apart. Each
is now their own chromosome and they are pulled to opposite ends of the cell. Extra
microtubules push poles apart.
Telophase: cell begins to re-establish its normal structures, mitotic spindles are broken down,
two new nuclei form for each set of chromosomes, chromosomes return to string form.
CYTOKINESIS BEGINS: actin ring cleaves the two halves.
2. Describe the processes that occur during the G1, S, G2, and M phases. - Answer G1 Phase:
the cell grows physically larger,
, copy of the DNA in its nucleaus. It also
duplicated the centrosome so that they will
be available during the M phase.
G2 phase: cell is continuously growing,
makes proteins and organelles, beins to
recognize its contents for cell mitosis.
M phase: cell divides its copied dna and
cytoplasm to make two new cells. This
involves both mitosis and cytokinesis.
3. What are cyclin dependent kinases and what is their role in the cell cycle? - Answer
Catalytic subunits that are always present in the cell that are a part of the cell cycle.
Different cdk complexes become activated during different phases in the cell
Cdk signals the cell that it is ready ti pass into the next stage of the cell cycle. They are
dependent on cyclins and phosphorylate other
proteins.
4. What are cyclins? - Answer A family of regulatory proteins that control the
progression of the cell cycle.
Cyclins activate the cyclin-dependent kinases,
which control cell cycle processes through
phosphorylation
5. List the different cyclins involved in the cell cycle and the processes they control. - Answer
G1 cyclin for G1-cdk: activated after mycs binds to the cyclin D gene. An
increase in cyclin d means and increase in the g1 Complex which
phosphorylates important proteins like the Rb protein(changes shape and
Questions and Already Passed
Answers 2025 Updated.
1. Describe the cell cycle including the different phases that occur during mitosis - Answer -
The cell cycle is the cells way to grow and divide to make new cells. It contains interphase which
consists of G1, S, and the G2 phase.
-It also consists of Mitosis which is the M phase. 2 distinct divisions occur during the M phase:
-Mitosis: when the nuclear DNA of the cell condenses to visible chromosomes and are
pulled apart by the mitotic spindle (MADE OF WHAT?). Mitosis takes place in four stages
(prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase)
-Cytokinesis: is when the cytoplasm of the cell is split in two, making two new cells.
Cytokinesis usually begins just as mitosis is ending
Prophase: When chromosomes begin to condense, mitotic spindle begins to form,
nucleus will break down because the area that makes ribosomes has disappeared,
and the spindles will begin attaching to the chromosomes.
Metaphase: spindle has captured all of the chromosomes and has lined them up in the middle
(metaphase plate), kinetochores are attached to microtubules from
opposite sides.
Anaphase: cohesion is broken down so that the sister chromatids are allowed to pull apart. Each
is now their own chromosome and they are pulled to opposite ends of the cell. Extra
microtubules push poles apart.
Telophase: cell begins to re-establish its normal structures, mitotic spindles are broken down,
two new nuclei form for each set of chromosomes, chromosomes return to string form.
CYTOKINESIS BEGINS: actin ring cleaves the two halves.
2. Describe the processes that occur during the G1, S, G2, and M phases. - Answer G1 Phase:
the cell grows physically larger,
, copy of the DNA in its nucleaus. It also
duplicated the centrosome so that they will
be available during the M phase.
G2 phase: cell is continuously growing,
makes proteins and organelles, beins to
recognize its contents for cell mitosis.
M phase: cell divides its copied dna and
cytoplasm to make two new cells. This
involves both mitosis and cytokinesis.
3. What are cyclin dependent kinases and what is their role in the cell cycle? - Answer
Catalytic subunits that are always present in the cell that are a part of the cell cycle.
Different cdk complexes become activated during different phases in the cell
Cdk signals the cell that it is ready ti pass into the next stage of the cell cycle. They are
dependent on cyclins and phosphorylate other
proteins.
4. What are cyclins? - Answer A family of regulatory proteins that control the
progression of the cell cycle.
Cyclins activate the cyclin-dependent kinases,
which control cell cycle processes through
phosphorylation
5. List the different cyclins involved in the cell cycle and the processes they control. - Answer
G1 cyclin for G1-cdk: activated after mycs binds to the cyclin D gene. An
increase in cyclin d means and increase in the g1 Complex which
phosphorylates important proteins like the Rb protein(changes shape and
