Nightingale College Pathophysiology FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2025/2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS BANK AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES || 100% GUARANTEED PASS RECENT VERSION

Nightingale College Pathophysiology FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2025/2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS BANK AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES || 100% GUARANTEED PASS RECENT VERSION 1. Leukemia is classified as: - ANSWER acute or chronic 2. A patient has a thrombosis. While reviewing the history, the nurse found the patient has atherosclerosis. To which component of the Virchow triad does the atherosclerosis correlate? - ANSWER Endothelial injury. Endothelial injury to blood vessels can result from atherosclerosis (plaque deposits on arterial walls). 3. Hypersplenism occurs when: - ANSWER the spleen is overactive 4. The best treatment for multiple myeloma: - ANSWER chemotherapy 5. What type of cell is most affected by acute leukemia? - ANSWER blast cell 6. You observe a platelet count of 9,000/mm3, which condition must you monitor for in this patient? - ANSWER spontaneous bleeding 7. Which symptoms should you assess for in a patient with Hodgkin's lymphoma? - ANSWER Night sweats, low-grade fevers, and weight loss 8. A patient has lymphoblastic lymphoma. Which organ is most affected? - ANSWER Thymus 9. The disease arises from a clone of relatively immature T cells that becomes malignant in the thymus. 10. A patient has multiple myeloma. Which area in the body does the nurse closely monitor for the tumor masses? - ANSWER bones 11. A patient has acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Which laboratory report should the nurse monitor closely in this patient? - ANSWER Lymphocyte counts 12. Lymphocytopenia is a major problem in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). 13. Pathophysiology - ANSWER The study of the underlying changes in body physiology (molecular, cellular, and organ systems) that result from disease or injury. 14. Pathology - ANSWER The investigation of structural alterations in cells, tissues, and organs, which can help identify the cause of a particular disease. 15. Diagnosis - ANSWER The naming or identification of a disease - is made from an evaluation of the evidence accumulated from the presenting signs and symptoms, health and medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging. 16. Etiology - ANSWER The study of the CAUSE of disease 17. Epidemiology - ANSWER The study of tracking patterns or disease occurrence and transmission among populations and by geographic areas 18. Nucleus - ANSWER Controls and regulates the activities of the cell (e.g., growth and metabolism) and carries the genes, structures that contain the hereditary information 19. Cytoplasm - ANSWER An aqueous solution. The medium for chemical reaction. It provides a platform upon which other organelles can operate within the cell. All of the functions for cell expansion, growth and replication are carried out in the cytoplasm of a cell. 20. Ribosomes - ANSWER Provide sites for cellular protein synthesis. 21. Endoplasmic Reticulum - ANSWER Specializes in synthesis, folding, and transport of protein and lipid components of most organelles. A new role is sensing cellular stress. 22. Golgi apparatus - ANSWER Responsible for processing and packaging proteins onto secretory vesicles that break away from the complex and migrate to various intracellular and extracellular destinations, including plasma membrane. 23. Lysosomes - ANSWER Contain enzymes for digesting most cellular substances to their basic form, such as amino acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates (sugars). 24. Peroxisomes - ANSWER Contain oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, and other harmful chemicals 25. Mitochondria - ANSWER Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production 26. A patient with type 1 diabetes asks the nurse what causes polyuria. What is the nurse's best response? The symptom of polyuria in diabetes mellitus (DM) is caused by - ANSWER Increase glucose in Urine 27. If a patient with diabetes has advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs), what does the nurse suspect is happening in the patient's body? - ANSWER Tissue/ cellular injury 28. Which information should the nurse include in a lecture on syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)? SIADH results in excessive - ANSWER renal retention of water without sodium retention. 29. A patient with Graves disease has subcutaneous swelling of the anterior leg. Which term should the nurse document on the chart? - ANSWER Pretibial myxedema 30. A student nurse asks the nurse what causes acromegaly. The nurse should explain that acromegaly is caused by abnormal increases of: - ANSWER Growth hormone 31. The pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) involves: - ANSWER autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells 32. A patient has thyroid carcinoma. Which of the following will the nurse find on assessment? - ANSWER Small thyroid nodule 33. Which is the appropriate method for diagnosis of type 1 diabetes? - ANSWER Evaluating fasting plasma glucose levels 34. Which of the following statements indicates that the nurse needs more teaching? Hyperglycemia can lead to chronic complications of diabetes through: - ANSWER suppression of oxidative stress. 35. Graves disease is an example of a: - ANSWER Type II hypersensitivity 36. A patient asks the nurse about the best treatment for multiple myeloma? How should the nurse respond? - ANSWER Chemotherapy 37. A patient has acute leukemia. A nurse recalls the cell most affected by this disease is a: - ANSWER blast cell. 38. Which laboratory result will be elevated in a patient with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)? - ANSWER Fibrin degradation products 39. A nurse suspects that the patient is experiencing disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Which laboratory test should the nurse ask the primary care provider to order? - ANSWER D-dimer 40. A patient has heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). Which condition is a priority to assess? - ANSWER Pulmonary embolism 41. A patient has non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). When the nurse is reviewing the history, which finding is a risk factor for NHL - ANSWER Organ transplant 2 years ago 42. Which concept should the nurse include when describing the pathophysiology of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura? - ANSWER Schizocytes/Schistocytes 43. Homeostasis - ANSWER Relatively stable internal conditions under fluctuating environmental conditions. In homeostasis, the body's organ systems normally maintain temperature, pH, blood composition, and fluid levels within a precise range and cor- rect any fluc 44. Disease - ANSWER a deviation from normal structure or function in the body that interrupts or modifies the performance of vital functions. For example, the amount of glucose in the blood is tightly regulated to ensure that organs receive an adequate supply of energy. 45. Pathology - ANSWER Study of disease, epecially the structural and functional changes assoicated with causes, mechaisms, signs, and symtpoms, treatments and prevention. 46. Health - ANSWER is the condition in which the human body per- forms its vital functions normally. In health the body's various organ systems function optimally and a person can participate fully in his or her life. 47. Prognosis - ANSWER a disease predicted course and outcome. The prognosis may state the chances for complete recovery, predict the permanent loss of function, or give probability of survival. 48. Diagnosis - ANSWER the process of identifying a disease or disorder. Several types of information are used for diagnosis, including signs and symptoms, which can be quite specific and therefore helpful for diagnosing certain diseases. 49. Acute Disease - ANSWER has a sudden onset and short duration. Influenza, measles, and the common cold are examples of acute infections. 50. Terminal - ANSWER Disease that will end in death.