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Biology 1134 Exam 3 Questions and
Answers (Expert Solutions)
Q: Telomere, 🗹🗹: -Region at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes where a
specialized form of DNA replication occurs
-Contains a short nucleotide sequence that is repeated a few dozen to several hundred
times in a row
-After DNA Replication
>>>both daughter strands are shorter at 5' end than the parental strand's 5' end
>>>produces a 3 overhand at one end of each daughter strand
Q: Central dogma of gene expression at molecular level, 🗹🗹:
DNA>>>>RNA>>>>>Polypeptide
Q: Step one: Transcription (Central Dogma of Gene expression), 🗹🗹: -occurs in
nucleus
-Produces an RNA transcript of a gene: mRNA (messenger RNA)
Q: mRNA, 🗹🗹: -Single-straded
-contain instructions for synthesis of a polypeptide
-Transports info from DNA to a ribosome in cytoplasm
Q: Step two: Translation (Central Dogma of Gene expression), 🗹🗹: -occurs in
cytoplasm
-mRNA interacts with ribosome and tRNA in cytoplasm
Q: tRNA, 🗹🗹: Shuttles amino acids to ribosome for polypeptide assembling
, Page | 2
Q: Transcription, 🗹🗹: -synthesis of an RNA transcript from a DNA template
Q: Structural genes, 🗹🗹: encode information for polypeptide synthesis
Q: Messenger RNA (mRNA), 🗹🗹: -copy of instructions for the amino acid sequence
in a polypeptide
-one strand of the DNA molecule serves as a template for synthesis
Q: RNA polymerase, 🗹🗹: -catalyzes mRNA synthesis
-synthesizes mRNA between promotor and termination region on DNA strand
Q: Genes, 🗹🗹: -unit of heredity
-contains instructions for synthesis of polypeptides for RNA molecules (tRNA and rRNA)
-could be the following:
>>Promotor
>>Terminator
>>Transcribed region
>>Regulatory sequence
Q: Promotor, 🗹🗹: DNA sequence controlling when and where transcription begins
Q: Terminator, 🗹🗹: DNA sequence controlling where transcription ends
Q: Transcribed region, 🗹🗹: region specifying the amino acid sequence of a
polypeptide; region between the promotor and terminator
Q: Regulatory Sequence, 🗹🗹: Region where regulatory proteins bind to influence the
rate of transcription
, Page | 3
Q: Stages of Transcription, 🗹🗹: -Initiation
-Elongation
-Termination
Q: Initiation (transcription), 🗹🗹: -RNA polymerase and transcription factors form a
preinitiation complex
-This complex unwinds DNA initiation transcription
-In Eukaryotes: 3 forms of RNA polymerase
>>>Type II: Reinscribes mRNA from structural genes
>>>Type I and III: transcribe nonstructural genes
Q: Transcription factors, 🗹🗹: Proteins affecting the ability of RNA polymerase to
transcribe genes
Q: Elongation (transcription), 🗹🗹: -RNA polymerase synthesizes an RNA transcript
from DNA
-mRNA synthesis occurs in 5' to 3' direction
Q: Nucleotides, 🗹🗹: -bind to template strand according to the base rule
-then are covalently joined together
Q: Template strand, 🗹🗹: DNA strand used as a template for RNA transcript synthesis
Q: Coding strand, 🗹🗹: DNA strand that has the same base sequences as the RNA
transcript with the exception of uracil being substituted for thymine in mRNA
Q: Termination (transcription), 🗹🗹: -RNA polymerase reaches a terminator region
of DNA
-mRNA transcript and RNA polymerase detach from DNA
, Page | 4
Q: Processing of Eukaryotic mRNA, 🗹🗹: -mRNA synthesized in nucleus must be
modified before entering cytosol for proper translation
-required to form a function mRNA
Q: Pre-mRNA, 🗹🗹: RNA transcript synthesized from the coding DNA strand prior to
precessing
Q: Mature mRNA, 🗹🗹: RNA transcript after processing. The final mRNA product.
Q: Exon, 🗹🗹: -Coding regions within a structural gene
-Code for amino acids in a polypeptide
-they are Transcribed and translated
Q: introns, 🗹🗹: -noncoding (intervening) DNA sequences
-transcribed but not translated
Q: spliceosomes, 🗹🗹: -composed of small nuclear RNA and proteins. (snRNP)
Q: Alternate splicing, 🗹🗹: -splicosomes may splice in 2 or more ways
-single genes can then encode more than one polypeptide
>> increase size of proteome but not genome
Q: Capping, 🗹🗹: -addition of a methylated guanine cap to the 5' end of the pre-
mRNA
-Required for:
>>>exit of mRNA from the nucleus
>>>stability of mRNA in the cytosol
>>>Binding of mRNA to a ribosome in the cytosol
Biology 1134 Exam 3 Questions and
Answers (Expert Solutions)
Q: Telomere, 🗹🗹: -Region at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes where a
specialized form of DNA replication occurs
-Contains a short nucleotide sequence that is repeated a few dozen to several hundred
times in a row
-After DNA Replication
>>>both daughter strands are shorter at 5' end than the parental strand's 5' end
>>>produces a 3 overhand at one end of each daughter strand
Q: Central dogma of gene expression at molecular level, 🗹🗹:
DNA>>>>RNA>>>>>Polypeptide
Q: Step one: Transcription (Central Dogma of Gene expression), 🗹🗹: -occurs in
nucleus
-Produces an RNA transcript of a gene: mRNA (messenger RNA)
Q: mRNA, 🗹🗹: -Single-straded
-contain instructions for synthesis of a polypeptide
-Transports info from DNA to a ribosome in cytoplasm
Q: Step two: Translation (Central Dogma of Gene expression), 🗹🗹: -occurs in
cytoplasm
-mRNA interacts with ribosome and tRNA in cytoplasm
Q: tRNA, 🗹🗹: Shuttles amino acids to ribosome for polypeptide assembling
, Page | 2
Q: Transcription, 🗹🗹: -synthesis of an RNA transcript from a DNA template
Q: Structural genes, 🗹🗹: encode information for polypeptide synthesis
Q: Messenger RNA (mRNA), 🗹🗹: -copy of instructions for the amino acid sequence
in a polypeptide
-one strand of the DNA molecule serves as a template for synthesis
Q: RNA polymerase, 🗹🗹: -catalyzes mRNA synthesis
-synthesizes mRNA between promotor and termination region on DNA strand
Q: Genes, 🗹🗹: -unit of heredity
-contains instructions for synthesis of polypeptides for RNA molecules (tRNA and rRNA)
-could be the following:
>>Promotor
>>Terminator
>>Transcribed region
>>Regulatory sequence
Q: Promotor, 🗹🗹: DNA sequence controlling when and where transcription begins
Q: Terminator, 🗹🗹: DNA sequence controlling where transcription ends
Q: Transcribed region, 🗹🗹: region specifying the amino acid sequence of a
polypeptide; region between the promotor and terminator
Q: Regulatory Sequence, 🗹🗹: Region where regulatory proteins bind to influence the
rate of transcription
, Page | 3
Q: Stages of Transcription, 🗹🗹: -Initiation
-Elongation
-Termination
Q: Initiation (transcription), 🗹🗹: -RNA polymerase and transcription factors form a
preinitiation complex
-This complex unwinds DNA initiation transcription
-In Eukaryotes: 3 forms of RNA polymerase
>>>Type II: Reinscribes mRNA from structural genes
>>>Type I and III: transcribe nonstructural genes
Q: Transcription factors, 🗹🗹: Proteins affecting the ability of RNA polymerase to
transcribe genes
Q: Elongation (transcription), 🗹🗹: -RNA polymerase synthesizes an RNA transcript
from DNA
-mRNA synthesis occurs in 5' to 3' direction
Q: Nucleotides, 🗹🗹: -bind to template strand according to the base rule
-then are covalently joined together
Q: Template strand, 🗹🗹: DNA strand used as a template for RNA transcript synthesis
Q: Coding strand, 🗹🗹: DNA strand that has the same base sequences as the RNA
transcript with the exception of uracil being substituted for thymine in mRNA
Q: Termination (transcription), 🗹🗹: -RNA polymerase reaches a terminator region
of DNA
-mRNA transcript and RNA polymerase detach from DNA
, Page | 4
Q: Processing of Eukaryotic mRNA, 🗹🗹: -mRNA synthesized in nucleus must be
modified before entering cytosol for proper translation
-required to form a function mRNA
Q: Pre-mRNA, 🗹🗹: RNA transcript synthesized from the coding DNA strand prior to
precessing
Q: Mature mRNA, 🗹🗹: RNA transcript after processing. The final mRNA product.
Q: Exon, 🗹🗹: -Coding regions within a structural gene
-Code for amino acids in a polypeptide
-they are Transcribed and translated
Q: introns, 🗹🗹: -noncoding (intervening) DNA sequences
-transcribed but not translated
Q: spliceosomes, 🗹🗹: -composed of small nuclear RNA and proteins. (snRNP)
Q: Alternate splicing, 🗹🗹: -splicosomes may splice in 2 or more ways
-single genes can then encode more than one polypeptide
>> increase size of proteome but not genome
Q: Capping, 🗹🗹: -addition of a methylated guanine cap to the 5' end of the pre-
mRNA
-Required for:
>>>exit of mRNA from the nucleus
>>>stability of mRNA in the cytosol
>>>Binding of mRNA to a ribosome in the cytosol
