A&P 102 Final Exam Ivy Tech Questions and Answers
Graded A
Who regulates pituitary gland secretion? - How is inhibin used in the body? -
ANSWER -hypothalamus ANSWER -Inhibits the anterior pituitary
gland by negative feedback. This action prevents
over secretion of FSH. It is secreted by cells of
the testes and ovaries. FSH is secreted by
What is a hormone and how does it act? - anterior pituitary gland. It is a glycoprotein
ANSWER -Hormones are chemical hormone.
messengers that are responsible for regulation.
They are secreted into body fluids, mainly blood.
It has specific actions on target tissues, which
are any tissue that has specific receptors for that Differentiate between paracrine, autocrine,
particular hormone. endocrine, and exocrine glands. -
ANSWER -Paracrine - hormones enter the
interstitial fluid but affect only neighboring cells.
Autocrine - hormones affect only the secreting
Compare and contrast glucagon and insulin. - cell.
ANSWER -Glucagon stimulates the liver to Endocrine - hormones are secreted from the
break down glycogen and convert interstitial fluid into the bloodstream and act on
noncarbohydrates into glucose and it stimulates target cells.
the breakdown of fats. Exocrine - secretions enter tubes or ducts that
Insulin promotes the formation of glycogen from lead to body surfaces.
glucose, inhibits conversion of noncarbohydrates
into glucose, and enhances movement of
glucose through adipose and muscle cell
membranes, decreasing blood glucose Describe steroid hormones. - ANSWER -
concentration and promotes transport of amino Sex hormones and adrenal cortex hormones.
acids into cells, as well as enhances synthesis of Steroid hormones diffuse through cell
proteins and fats. membranes and enter cytoplasm or nucleus.
Both work to keep blood glucose concentration Then they combine with a receptor molecule,
constant, but glucagon breaks down glycogen which together bind to DNA and promote
into glucose and insulin forms glycogen from transcription of messenger RNA. mRNA enters
glucose. the cytoplasm and directs protein synthesis.
Newly synthesized proteins produce hormone's
specific effects.
How are pheromones different than hormones? -
ANSWER -is a chemical signal sent
between members of the same species. Are a Describe tropic hormones. - ANSWER -
type of hormone that are released in small They stimulate the activity of endocrine glands
quantities and play a big role in physical than those secreting them.
attraction between people.
Describe normal blood: number of each cell type,
,A&P 102 Final Exam Ivy Tech Questions and Answers
Graded A
pH. - ANSWER -Describe normal blood:
number of each cell type, pH. Describe the different leukocytes and their
CLICK THE CARD TO FLIP IT origins. - ANSWER -Neutrophils
Blood is about 8% of body weight. Adult blood Eosinophils
volume is about 5 L. RBC count is usually Basophils
4,600,000-6,200,000 in males, 4,200,000- Monocytes
5,400,000 in females. WBC are usually 5,000- Lymphocytes
10,000 per cubic mm of blood. Platelets are
usually 130,000-360,000 per cubic mm of blood.
Normal blood pH is around 7.4.
Compare the formed elements of the blood. -
ANSWER -RBCs, WBCs, and platelets all
act together to maintain life. RBCs transport
How does the Rh factor affect a developing fetus oxygen to the body's tissues, WBCs fight
and its mother? - ANSWER -Rh positive - infections in the body, and platelets clot wounds
presence of antigen D or other Rh antigens on that occur.
the RBC membranes.
Rh negative - lack of these antigens
If a mother is Rh negative and her baby is Rh
positive, her antibodies form to fight Rh-positive Describe the steps in clot formation. -
blood cells. If a mother is Rh positive and her ANSWER -Hemostasis - the stoppage of
baby is Rh positive, her antibodies attack the bleeding.
baby's RBC. Complications can lead the baby to 1. Blood vessel spasm - smooth muscle in blood
develop erythroblastosis fetalis or hemolytic vessel contracts
disease. 2. Platelet plug formation:
a. break in vessel wall
b. blood escapes through break
c. platelets adhere to each other, to end of
What antigens can be found on RBC? What broken vessel, and to exposed collagen
antibodies can be found in the plasma? How do d. platelet plug helps control blood loss
these create different blood types? - 3. Blood coagulation - clot forms (occurs
ANSWER -Type A blood has A antigens on extrinsically or intrinsically).
its cell surface and anti-B antibodies in its
plasma.
Type B blood has B antigens on its cell surface
and anti-A antibodies in its plasma. What blood types can give/receive to/from other
Type AB blood has both A and B antigens on its blood types? - ANSWER -O+ give to: O+,
cell surface and no antibodies in its plasma. (It is A+, B+, AB+ receive: O+,O-
the universal recipient). A+ give to: A+, AB+ receive: A+, A-, O+, O-
Type O blood has no antigens on its cell surface, B+ give to: B+, AB+ receive: B+, B-, O+, O-
but has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in its AB+ give to: AB+ only receive: All blood types
plasma. (It is the universal donor). O- give to: All blood types receive: O- only
A- give to: A-, A+, AB-, AB+ receive: A-, O-
B- give to: B-, B+, AB-, AB+ receive: B-, O-
, A&P 102 Final Exam Ivy Tech Questions and Answers
Graded A
AB- give to: AB-, AB+ receive: AB-, A-, B-, O- in an increase in the blood pressure and dilation
of the blood vessels will result in a decrease in
the blood pressure. The autonomic nervous
system also alters the cardiac output, which will
What are normal levels and percentages of RBC, influence the blood pressure. Cardiac output is
WBC and platelets? - ANSWER - determined by multiplying the heart rate x the
4,600,000-6,200,000 in males. stroke volume. The stroke volume being the
4,200,000-5,400,000 in females. amount of blood ejected from the heart with each
4,500,000-5,100,000 in children. beat. The sympathetic nervous system ("fight or
RBCs are 45% of the blood. flight" system) results in an increase in heart rate
and strength of heart contraction leading to a
Neutrophils greater stroke volume. This increased cardiac
50%-70% output results in an elevation in the blood
Eosinophils pressure usually. The parasympathetic nervous
1%-4% system is the "rest and digest" system that results
Basophils in a decrease heart rate and stroke volume,
0-1% which results in a lowering in the blood pressure.
Lymphocytes So, the autonomic nervous system controls the
20%-35% blood pressure through a few mechanisms and
Monocytes they usually occur simultaneously.
3%-8%
What are the functions of the cardiovascular
Compare serum versus plasma. - system? - ANSWER -The four major
ANSWER -Plasma is the liquid part of functions of the cardiovascular system are:
blood, in which blood cells, nutrients and 1. To transport nutrients, gases and waste
hormones float. products around the body
Serum is the fluid part of blood, without the 2. To protect the body from infection and blood
clotting factors or blood cells. loss
3. To help the body maintain a constant body
temperature 4. To help maintain fluid balance
within the body
What is hematocrit? - ANSWER -percent of
blood volume that is RBCs
What factors can influence heart rate and/or
blood pressure? - ANSWER -age, stress
How is the ANS used to regulate blood and emotions, medication, Diurnal variation, sex,
pressure? - ANSWER -The autonomic environment, exercise, body position
nervous system regulates the blood pressure via
several mechanisms. It regulates the degree of
constriction or dilation of the blood vessels in
body. Constriction of the blood vessels will result Identify the major arteries/veins of the body. -
Graded A
Who regulates pituitary gland secretion? - How is inhibin used in the body? -
ANSWER -hypothalamus ANSWER -Inhibits the anterior pituitary
gland by negative feedback. This action prevents
over secretion of FSH. It is secreted by cells of
the testes and ovaries. FSH is secreted by
What is a hormone and how does it act? - anterior pituitary gland. It is a glycoprotein
ANSWER -Hormones are chemical hormone.
messengers that are responsible for regulation.
They are secreted into body fluids, mainly blood.
It has specific actions on target tissues, which
are any tissue that has specific receptors for that Differentiate between paracrine, autocrine,
particular hormone. endocrine, and exocrine glands. -
ANSWER -Paracrine - hormones enter the
interstitial fluid but affect only neighboring cells.
Autocrine - hormones affect only the secreting
Compare and contrast glucagon and insulin. - cell.
ANSWER -Glucagon stimulates the liver to Endocrine - hormones are secreted from the
break down glycogen and convert interstitial fluid into the bloodstream and act on
noncarbohydrates into glucose and it stimulates target cells.
the breakdown of fats. Exocrine - secretions enter tubes or ducts that
Insulin promotes the formation of glycogen from lead to body surfaces.
glucose, inhibits conversion of noncarbohydrates
into glucose, and enhances movement of
glucose through adipose and muscle cell
membranes, decreasing blood glucose Describe steroid hormones. - ANSWER -
concentration and promotes transport of amino Sex hormones and adrenal cortex hormones.
acids into cells, as well as enhances synthesis of Steroid hormones diffuse through cell
proteins and fats. membranes and enter cytoplasm or nucleus.
Both work to keep blood glucose concentration Then they combine with a receptor molecule,
constant, but glucagon breaks down glycogen which together bind to DNA and promote
into glucose and insulin forms glycogen from transcription of messenger RNA. mRNA enters
glucose. the cytoplasm and directs protein synthesis.
Newly synthesized proteins produce hormone's
specific effects.
How are pheromones different than hormones? -
ANSWER -is a chemical signal sent
between members of the same species. Are a Describe tropic hormones. - ANSWER -
type of hormone that are released in small They stimulate the activity of endocrine glands
quantities and play a big role in physical than those secreting them.
attraction between people.
Describe normal blood: number of each cell type,
,A&P 102 Final Exam Ivy Tech Questions and Answers
Graded A
pH. - ANSWER -Describe normal blood:
number of each cell type, pH. Describe the different leukocytes and their
CLICK THE CARD TO FLIP IT origins. - ANSWER -Neutrophils
Blood is about 8% of body weight. Adult blood Eosinophils
volume is about 5 L. RBC count is usually Basophils
4,600,000-6,200,000 in males, 4,200,000- Monocytes
5,400,000 in females. WBC are usually 5,000- Lymphocytes
10,000 per cubic mm of blood. Platelets are
usually 130,000-360,000 per cubic mm of blood.
Normal blood pH is around 7.4.
Compare the formed elements of the blood. -
ANSWER -RBCs, WBCs, and platelets all
act together to maintain life. RBCs transport
How does the Rh factor affect a developing fetus oxygen to the body's tissues, WBCs fight
and its mother? - ANSWER -Rh positive - infections in the body, and platelets clot wounds
presence of antigen D or other Rh antigens on that occur.
the RBC membranes.
Rh negative - lack of these antigens
If a mother is Rh negative and her baby is Rh
positive, her antibodies form to fight Rh-positive Describe the steps in clot formation. -
blood cells. If a mother is Rh positive and her ANSWER -Hemostasis - the stoppage of
baby is Rh positive, her antibodies attack the bleeding.
baby's RBC. Complications can lead the baby to 1. Blood vessel spasm - smooth muscle in blood
develop erythroblastosis fetalis or hemolytic vessel contracts
disease. 2. Platelet plug formation:
a. break in vessel wall
b. blood escapes through break
c. platelets adhere to each other, to end of
What antigens can be found on RBC? What broken vessel, and to exposed collagen
antibodies can be found in the plasma? How do d. platelet plug helps control blood loss
these create different blood types? - 3. Blood coagulation - clot forms (occurs
ANSWER -Type A blood has A antigens on extrinsically or intrinsically).
its cell surface and anti-B antibodies in its
plasma.
Type B blood has B antigens on its cell surface
and anti-A antibodies in its plasma. What blood types can give/receive to/from other
Type AB blood has both A and B antigens on its blood types? - ANSWER -O+ give to: O+,
cell surface and no antibodies in its plasma. (It is A+, B+, AB+ receive: O+,O-
the universal recipient). A+ give to: A+, AB+ receive: A+, A-, O+, O-
Type O blood has no antigens on its cell surface, B+ give to: B+, AB+ receive: B+, B-, O+, O-
but has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in its AB+ give to: AB+ only receive: All blood types
plasma. (It is the universal donor). O- give to: All blood types receive: O- only
A- give to: A-, A+, AB-, AB+ receive: A-, O-
B- give to: B-, B+, AB-, AB+ receive: B-, O-
, A&P 102 Final Exam Ivy Tech Questions and Answers
Graded A
AB- give to: AB-, AB+ receive: AB-, A-, B-, O- in an increase in the blood pressure and dilation
of the blood vessels will result in a decrease in
the blood pressure. The autonomic nervous
system also alters the cardiac output, which will
What are normal levels and percentages of RBC, influence the blood pressure. Cardiac output is
WBC and platelets? - ANSWER - determined by multiplying the heart rate x the
4,600,000-6,200,000 in males. stroke volume. The stroke volume being the
4,200,000-5,400,000 in females. amount of blood ejected from the heart with each
4,500,000-5,100,000 in children. beat. The sympathetic nervous system ("fight or
RBCs are 45% of the blood. flight" system) results in an increase in heart rate
and strength of heart contraction leading to a
Neutrophils greater stroke volume. This increased cardiac
50%-70% output results in an elevation in the blood
Eosinophils pressure usually. The parasympathetic nervous
1%-4% system is the "rest and digest" system that results
Basophils in a decrease heart rate and stroke volume,
0-1% which results in a lowering in the blood pressure.
Lymphocytes So, the autonomic nervous system controls the
20%-35% blood pressure through a few mechanisms and
Monocytes they usually occur simultaneously.
3%-8%
What are the functions of the cardiovascular
Compare serum versus plasma. - system? - ANSWER -The four major
ANSWER -Plasma is the liquid part of functions of the cardiovascular system are:
blood, in which blood cells, nutrients and 1. To transport nutrients, gases and waste
hormones float. products around the body
Serum is the fluid part of blood, without the 2. To protect the body from infection and blood
clotting factors or blood cells. loss
3. To help the body maintain a constant body
temperature 4. To help maintain fluid balance
within the body
What is hematocrit? - ANSWER -percent of
blood volume that is RBCs
What factors can influence heart rate and/or
blood pressure? - ANSWER -age, stress
How is the ANS used to regulate blood and emotions, medication, Diurnal variation, sex,
pressure? - ANSWER -The autonomic environment, exercise, body position
nervous system regulates the blood pressure via
several mechanisms. It regulates the degree of
constriction or dilation of the blood vessels in
body. Constriction of the blood vessels will result Identify the major arteries/veins of the body. -
