QASP MAIN EXAM SCRIPT 2025/2026 QUESTIONS WITH
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔joint attention - ✔✔Joint Attention and Social Referencing. Joint attention occurs
when two people share interest in an object or event and there is understanding
between the two people that they are both interested in the same object or event.Less
likely to use gestures or eye contact as a means of sharing interest and directing
interactional partners' attention to object of interest
•Instrumental use less likely to be impaired
✔✔Autism (word) History - ✔✔The word "autism" comes from the Greek word "autos,"
which means "self." It describes conditions in which a person is removed from social
interaction. In other words, he becomes an "isolated self."
✔✔IDEA- First recognized ASD - ✔✔1990
✔✔Least Restrictive Environment (LRE) - ✔✔when the Individualized Education
Program (IEP) is written, a determination is made regarding the amount of time each
student with disabilities will spend with nondisabled peers both in classroom and all
other school activities.
✔✔Antecedent - ✔✔An environmental condition or stimulus change existing or
occurring prior to a behavior of interest.
✔✔Consequence - ✔✔A stimulus change that follows a behavior of interest.
✔✔ABA- Defined - ✔✔The science in which tactics derived from the principles of
behavior are applied to improve socially significant behavior and experimentation is
used to identify the variables responsible for the improvement in behavior.
✔✔A-B-C contingency - ✔✔antecedent, behavior, consequence
✔✔Motivating Operation (MO) - ✔✔An environmental variable that (a) alters (increases
or decreases) the reinforcing effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event; and (b)
alters (increases or decreases) the current frequency of all behavior that have been
reinforced by that stimulus, object, or event.
✔✔Positive Reinforcement - ✔✔Increasing behaviors by presenting a stimuli, such as
food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response,
increases the future likelihoss of that same response.
✔✔Positive Punishment - ✔✔the administration of a stimulus to decrease the probability
of a behavior's recurring
,✔✔Conditioned Reinforcement - ✔✔occurs when a stimulus reinforces set behaviors
through its association with a primary reinforcer
✔✔Unconditioned Reinforcement - ✔✔a reinforcement that is inherent, such as food
✔✔Schedules of reinforcement - ✔✔Intermittent Schedules- ratio/interval schedules.
Not all responses of the same response class can be reinforced.
Compound Schedules
✔✔operant conditioning - ✔✔a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if
followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher- behavior that is selected
by its consequences
✔✔Primary reinforcers - ✔✔stimuli, such as food or warmth, that have reinforcement
value without learning
✔✔target behavior - ✔✔the response class selected for intervention; can be defined
either functionally or topographically
✔✔goal - ✔✔A result that a person aims for and works hard to reach
✔✔objective - ✔✔Factual, related to reality or physical objects; not influenced by
emotions, unbiased
✔✔errorless learning - ✔✔ensures success, early immediate prompts, prompts faded
over time, decreases frustration/increases motivation
✔✔Strategies for generalization and maintenance - ✔✔Teach loosely, use multiple
exemplars, vary instructional methods, select target behaviors that will get naturally
reinforced,
✔✔prompt fading strategies - ✔✔most-to-least prompts, graduated guidance, least-to-
most prompts, time delay.
Fading out stimulus prompts gradually to transfer stimulus control
✔✔inter-trial interval - ✔✔The time interval between presentation of the consequence
for one trial and the presentation of the SD for the next trial.
✔✔When to use mass trials in DTT - ✔✔To promote discrimination. Repeatedly
presenting the target with decreasing prompt levels will transfer stimulus control of the
prompt to the SD.
, ✔✔concurrent schedule - ✔✔schedule of reinforcement in which 2 or more
contingencies of reinforcement operates independently and simultaneously for 2 or
more behaviors
✔✔multiple schedule - ✔✔Consists of two or more alternating schedules, each
associated with a different stimulus.
✔✔chained schedule - ✔✔A conditioned reinforcer is produced by completion of the
response requirements for that component schedule in the chain.
✔✔Mixed schedule - ✔✔compound schedule of reinforcement consisting of 2 or more
basic schedules of reinforcement that occur in an alternating, usually random sequence
✔✔Satiation - ✔✔A decrease in the frequency of operant behavior presumed to be the
result of continued contact with or consumption of a reinforcer that has followed the
behavior.
✔✔deprivation - ✔✔the state of lacking or doing without something; loss
✔✔Extinction - ✔✔A term that typically describes a species that no longer has any
known living individuals.
✔✔extinction burst - ✔✔an increase in the frequency of responding when an extinction
procedure is initially implemented.
✔✔behavior modification - ✔✔the use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about
desired changes in behavior
✔✔visual supports for ASD - ✔✔Pictures, models, video, graphics, realia, body
language, and so on makes content-area concepts easier to understand.
✔✔PECS - ✔✔Picture Exchange Communication System- begins with teaching a
student to exchange a picture of a desired item with a teacher/communicative partner,
who immediately honors the request. After the student learns to spontaneously request
for a desired item, the system goes on to teach discrimination among symbols and then
how to construct a simple sentence. In the most advanced phases, individuals are
taught to respond to questions and to comment. Additionally, descriptive language
concepts such as size, shape, color, number, etc. are also taught so the student can
make their message more specific. For example, I want big yellow ball.
✔✔ASD characteristics - ✔✔Communication- Delay or lack of development of
language, diffiulty holding conversations, unusual or repetitive language, play that is not
appropriate for developmental level.
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔joint attention - ✔✔Joint Attention and Social Referencing. Joint attention occurs
when two people share interest in an object or event and there is understanding
between the two people that they are both interested in the same object or event.Less
likely to use gestures or eye contact as a means of sharing interest and directing
interactional partners' attention to object of interest
•Instrumental use less likely to be impaired
✔✔Autism (word) History - ✔✔The word "autism" comes from the Greek word "autos,"
which means "self." It describes conditions in which a person is removed from social
interaction. In other words, he becomes an "isolated self."
✔✔IDEA- First recognized ASD - ✔✔1990
✔✔Least Restrictive Environment (LRE) - ✔✔when the Individualized Education
Program (IEP) is written, a determination is made regarding the amount of time each
student with disabilities will spend with nondisabled peers both in classroom and all
other school activities.
✔✔Antecedent - ✔✔An environmental condition or stimulus change existing or
occurring prior to a behavior of interest.
✔✔Consequence - ✔✔A stimulus change that follows a behavior of interest.
✔✔ABA- Defined - ✔✔The science in which tactics derived from the principles of
behavior are applied to improve socially significant behavior and experimentation is
used to identify the variables responsible for the improvement in behavior.
✔✔A-B-C contingency - ✔✔antecedent, behavior, consequence
✔✔Motivating Operation (MO) - ✔✔An environmental variable that (a) alters (increases
or decreases) the reinforcing effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event; and (b)
alters (increases or decreases) the current frequency of all behavior that have been
reinforced by that stimulus, object, or event.
✔✔Positive Reinforcement - ✔✔Increasing behaviors by presenting a stimuli, such as
food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response,
increases the future likelihoss of that same response.
✔✔Positive Punishment - ✔✔the administration of a stimulus to decrease the probability
of a behavior's recurring
,✔✔Conditioned Reinforcement - ✔✔occurs when a stimulus reinforces set behaviors
through its association with a primary reinforcer
✔✔Unconditioned Reinforcement - ✔✔a reinforcement that is inherent, such as food
✔✔Schedules of reinforcement - ✔✔Intermittent Schedules- ratio/interval schedules.
Not all responses of the same response class can be reinforced.
Compound Schedules
✔✔operant conditioning - ✔✔a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if
followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher- behavior that is selected
by its consequences
✔✔Primary reinforcers - ✔✔stimuli, such as food or warmth, that have reinforcement
value without learning
✔✔target behavior - ✔✔the response class selected for intervention; can be defined
either functionally or topographically
✔✔goal - ✔✔A result that a person aims for and works hard to reach
✔✔objective - ✔✔Factual, related to reality or physical objects; not influenced by
emotions, unbiased
✔✔errorless learning - ✔✔ensures success, early immediate prompts, prompts faded
over time, decreases frustration/increases motivation
✔✔Strategies for generalization and maintenance - ✔✔Teach loosely, use multiple
exemplars, vary instructional methods, select target behaviors that will get naturally
reinforced,
✔✔prompt fading strategies - ✔✔most-to-least prompts, graduated guidance, least-to-
most prompts, time delay.
Fading out stimulus prompts gradually to transfer stimulus control
✔✔inter-trial interval - ✔✔The time interval between presentation of the consequence
for one trial and the presentation of the SD for the next trial.
✔✔When to use mass trials in DTT - ✔✔To promote discrimination. Repeatedly
presenting the target with decreasing prompt levels will transfer stimulus control of the
prompt to the SD.
, ✔✔concurrent schedule - ✔✔schedule of reinforcement in which 2 or more
contingencies of reinforcement operates independently and simultaneously for 2 or
more behaviors
✔✔multiple schedule - ✔✔Consists of two or more alternating schedules, each
associated with a different stimulus.
✔✔chained schedule - ✔✔A conditioned reinforcer is produced by completion of the
response requirements for that component schedule in the chain.
✔✔Mixed schedule - ✔✔compound schedule of reinforcement consisting of 2 or more
basic schedules of reinforcement that occur in an alternating, usually random sequence
✔✔Satiation - ✔✔A decrease in the frequency of operant behavior presumed to be the
result of continued contact with or consumption of a reinforcer that has followed the
behavior.
✔✔deprivation - ✔✔the state of lacking or doing without something; loss
✔✔Extinction - ✔✔A term that typically describes a species that no longer has any
known living individuals.
✔✔extinction burst - ✔✔an increase in the frequency of responding when an extinction
procedure is initially implemented.
✔✔behavior modification - ✔✔the use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about
desired changes in behavior
✔✔visual supports for ASD - ✔✔Pictures, models, video, graphics, realia, body
language, and so on makes content-area concepts easier to understand.
✔✔PECS - ✔✔Picture Exchange Communication System- begins with teaching a
student to exchange a picture of a desired item with a teacher/communicative partner,
who immediately honors the request. After the student learns to spontaneously request
for a desired item, the system goes on to teach discrimination among symbols and then
how to construct a simple sentence. In the most advanced phases, individuals are
taught to respond to questions and to comment. Additionally, descriptive language
concepts such as size, shape, color, number, etc. are also taught so the student can
make their message more specific. For example, I want big yellow ball.
✔✔ASD characteristics - ✔✔Communication- Delay or lack of development of
language, diffiulty holding conversations, unusual or repetitive language, play that is not
appropriate for developmental level.
