WEEK 9 REVIEW PACK – NURS 6501
Topic: Endocrine System Disorders
Learning Objectives:
• Understand hormonal regulation and feedback mechanisms.
• Identify the pathophysiology of thyroid, adrenal, pancreatic, and pituitary disorders.
• Interpret clinical signs of hypo/hyper-function of endocrine glands.
• Analyze related lab values (TSH, T3/T4, cortisol, HbA1c, ADH).
Key Concepts Summary:
1. Hypothyroidism
• Primary cause: Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (autoimmune).
• ↓ T3/T4, ↑ TSH (in primary).
• Symptoms: fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, constipation, bradycardia.
• Severe form: myxedema coma (life-threatening).
2. Hyperthyroidism
• Graves’ disease is most common (autoimmune, TSH-receptor antibodies).
• ↑ T3/T4, ↓ TSH.
• Symptoms: weight loss, heat intolerance, tachycardia, tremors, anxiety.
• Severe form: thyroid storm (fever, delirium, tachyarrhythmia).
3. Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
• Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells → absolute insulin deficiency.
• Presents in childhood/young adults.
• Symptoms: polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss.
• Risk of DKA (diabetic ketoacidosis).
4. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Topic: Endocrine System Disorders
Learning Objectives:
• Understand hormonal regulation and feedback mechanisms.
• Identify the pathophysiology of thyroid, adrenal, pancreatic, and pituitary disorders.
• Interpret clinical signs of hypo/hyper-function of endocrine glands.
• Analyze related lab values (TSH, T3/T4, cortisol, HbA1c, ADH).
Key Concepts Summary:
1. Hypothyroidism
• Primary cause: Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (autoimmune).
• ↓ T3/T4, ↑ TSH (in primary).
• Symptoms: fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, constipation, bradycardia.
• Severe form: myxedema coma (life-threatening).
2. Hyperthyroidism
• Graves’ disease is most common (autoimmune, TSH-receptor antibodies).
• ↑ T3/T4, ↓ TSH.
• Symptoms: weight loss, heat intolerance, tachycardia, tremors, anxiety.
• Severe form: thyroid storm (fever, delirium, tachyarrhythmia).
3. Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
• Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells → absolute insulin deficiency.
• Presents in childhood/young adults.
• Symptoms: polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss.
• Risk of DKA (diabetic ketoacidosis).
4. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
