Applied Statistical Analysis – STAT 202 Final Test
Statistics - answers✔✔Refers to a set of mathematical procedures for organizing, summarizing
and interpreting information
Population - answers✔✔set of all the individuals of interest in a particular activtiy
Sample - answers✔✔Set of individuals selected from a population, usually intended to
represent the population in a research study
Variable - answers✔✔Characteristic or condition that changes or has different values for
different individuals
Data - answers✔✔Are measurements or observations.
Data Set - answers✔✔a collection of measurements or observations
Datum - answers✔✔is a single measurement or observation and is commonly called a score or
raw score
Parameter - answers✔✔Value, usually a numerical value, that describes a population. A
parameter is usually derived from measurements of the individuals in a population
Statistic - answers✔✔Is a value, usually a numerical value, that describes a sample. A statistic is
usually derived from measurements of the individuals in the sample
,Descriptive Statistics - answers✔✔are statistical procedures used to summarize, organize and
simplify data
Inferential statistics - answers✔✔Consist of techniques that allow us to study samples and then
make generalizations about the populations from which they were selected
Sampling error - answers✔✔is the naturally occurring discrepancy, or error, that exists between
a sample statistic and the corresponding population parameter
Corelational Method - answers✔✔Two different variables are observed to determine whether
there is a relationship between them
Experimental Method - answers✔✔One variable is manipulated white the other variable is
observed and measured (To establish cause and effect between the two variables)
Independent vs dependent variable - answers✔✔Not even gonna bother writing this one
Control condition - answers✔✔Do not receive the experimental treatment (Placebo treatment),
provide a baseline for comparison with the experimental condition
Experimental condition - answers✔✔Do receive the experimental condition
Quasi independent variable - answers✔✔Nonexperimental independent variable used to create
the different groups of scores
Constructs - answers✔✔Are internal attributes or characteristics that cannot be directly
observed but are useful for describing and explaining behavior
, Operational definition - answers✔✔Identifies a measurement procedure (a set of operations)
for measuring an external behavior and uses the resulting measurements as a definition and
measurement
First it describes a set of operations for measuring a construct
Second it defines the construct in terms of the resulting measurements
Discrete variable - answers✔✔consists of separate, indivisible categories. No values can exist
between two neighboring cateogires
Continuous variable - answers✔✔There are an infinite number of possible values that fall
between any two observed values. A continuous variable is divisible into an infinite number of
fractional parts
What are two factors that apply to continuous variables - answers✔✔When measuring a
continuous variable, it should be very rare to obtain identical measurements for two different
individuals. Infinite possible values, it should be almost impossible for two people to have
exactly the same score (if it does procedure is either false or variable is not continuous)
Also, each measurement category is actually an interval that must be defined by boundaries.
<Example, two people that claim to weigh 150 pounds are probably not the same weight, but
they likely weigh something around it! 150 is therefore just used as an interval)
Real limits - answers✔✔Boundaries of intervals for scores that are represented on a continuous
number line (150 for example)....The real limit separating two adajacent scores is located exactly
halfway between the scores.
Lower real limit and upper real limit
Statistics - answers✔✔Refers to a set of mathematical procedures for organizing, summarizing
and interpreting information
Population - answers✔✔set of all the individuals of interest in a particular activtiy
Sample - answers✔✔Set of individuals selected from a population, usually intended to
represent the population in a research study
Variable - answers✔✔Characteristic or condition that changes or has different values for
different individuals
Data - answers✔✔Are measurements or observations.
Data Set - answers✔✔a collection of measurements or observations
Datum - answers✔✔is a single measurement or observation and is commonly called a score or
raw score
Parameter - answers✔✔Value, usually a numerical value, that describes a population. A
parameter is usually derived from measurements of the individuals in a population
Statistic - answers✔✔Is a value, usually a numerical value, that describes a sample. A statistic is
usually derived from measurements of the individuals in the sample
,Descriptive Statistics - answers✔✔are statistical procedures used to summarize, organize and
simplify data
Inferential statistics - answers✔✔Consist of techniques that allow us to study samples and then
make generalizations about the populations from which they were selected
Sampling error - answers✔✔is the naturally occurring discrepancy, or error, that exists between
a sample statistic and the corresponding population parameter
Corelational Method - answers✔✔Two different variables are observed to determine whether
there is a relationship between them
Experimental Method - answers✔✔One variable is manipulated white the other variable is
observed and measured (To establish cause and effect between the two variables)
Independent vs dependent variable - answers✔✔Not even gonna bother writing this one
Control condition - answers✔✔Do not receive the experimental treatment (Placebo treatment),
provide a baseline for comparison with the experimental condition
Experimental condition - answers✔✔Do receive the experimental condition
Quasi independent variable - answers✔✔Nonexperimental independent variable used to create
the different groups of scores
Constructs - answers✔✔Are internal attributes or characteristics that cannot be directly
observed but are useful for describing and explaining behavior
, Operational definition - answers✔✔Identifies a measurement procedure (a set of operations)
for measuring an external behavior and uses the resulting measurements as a definition and
measurement
First it describes a set of operations for measuring a construct
Second it defines the construct in terms of the resulting measurements
Discrete variable - answers✔✔consists of separate, indivisible categories. No values can exist
between two neighboring cateogires
Continuous variable - answers✔✔There are an infinite number of possible values that fall
between any two observed values. A continuous variable is divisible into an infinite number of
fractional parts
What are two factors that apply to continuous variables - answers✔✔When measuring a
continuous variable, it should be very rare to obtain identical measurements for two different
individuals. Infinite possible values, it should be almost impossible for two people to have
exactly the same score (if it does procedure is either false or variable is not continuous)
Also, each measurement category is actually an interval that must be defined by boundaries.
<Example, two people that claim to weigh 150 pounds are probably not the same weight, but
they likely weigh something around it! 150 is therefore just used as an interval)
Real limits - answers✔✔Boundaries of intervals for scores that are represented on a continuous
number line (150 for example)....The real limit separating two adajacent scores is located exactly
halfway between the scores.
Lower real limit and upper real limit
