ISMAEL ZERROUD KHALID
UNIT 6A ASSIGNMENT
P1. Carry out a literature search and review into a chosen scientific area.
Phenyl benzoate synthesis Introduction: ester, a family of organic compounds reacting
with water to create alcohol and organic or inorganic acids. Carboxylic acid esters with
formula RCOOR are usually prepared in the presence of hydrochloric acid or sulfuric
acid in a method called esterification by reaction of carboxylic acids and alcohols. In
the reaction, the carboxylic acid hydroxyl group (OH) is substituted by the alcohol's
alkoxy group (R'O). Ester names are derived from alcohol at the parent and acid at the
parent.
Although simple esters are sometimes known by their generic names, all esters may be
identified using the formal IUPAC term, based on the name of the acid accompanied by
the suffix "-oate." A carboxylic acid includes the group -COOH, and a group of
hydrocarbons is substituted in an ester. It may be an alkyl group such as methyl or
ethyl, or one that comprises a benzene ring such as phenyl or benzyl. Esters produce a
carbonyl core, culminating in bond angles of 120 degrees C-C-O and O-C-O owing to
sp2 hybridisation.
Unlike amides, esters are dynamic groups and are structurally versatile since there is a
lower energy barrier to rotation along the C-O-C bonds. Their resilience and low
polarity on a macroscopic scale impact their physical properties, they appear to be less
solid, contributing to a lower melting point, and more flexible, leading to a lower boiling
point than the corresponding amides. At carbonyl carbon, the esters react with
nucleophiles. The carbonyl is weakly electrophilic, but is targeted by potent
nucleophiles such as amines, alcoxides, sources of hydrides and compounds of
organolithium.
Small esters have identical boiling points of the same amount of carbon atoms as those
of aldehydes and ketones. Esters, including aldehydes and ketones, are polar
compounds, and therefore have dipole-dipole interactions and dispersion powers of
van der Waals. Nevertheless, they do not form ester-ester hydrogen bonds, and they
have slightly lower boiling points than those of an acid with the same amount of carbon
atoms.
P2. Produce an appropriate project proposal for an investigative project
proposal, to include hypothesis.
My research proposal is based on the production of benzoate phenyl in the laboratory.
AIM: To carefully prepare phenyl benzoate in the laboratory
HYPOTHESIS: I expect that by reacting phenol with benzoyl chloride and
additional sodium hydroxide solution, benzoylated phenyl benzoate may occur.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION: Phenyl benzoate, C13H10O2, is a product
that occurs at room temperature as white crystalline powder, with a temperature
between 68 and 70 degrees Celsius and a boiling point of 298 to 299 degrees
Celsius. This is a benzoic acid phenyl ester and, for health reasons, all phenyl
UNIT 6A ASSIGNMENT
P1. Carry out a literature search and review into a chosen scientific area.
Phenyl benzoate synthesis Introduction: ester, a family of organic compounds reacting
with water to create alcohol and organic or inorganic acids. Carboxylic acid esters with
formula RCOOR are usually prepared in the presence of hydrochloric acid or sulfuric
acid in a method called esterification by reaction of carboxylic acids and alcohols. In
the reaction, the carboxylic acid hydroxyl group (OH) is substituted by the alcohol's
alkoxy group (R'O). Ester names are derived from alcohol at the parent and acid at the
parent.
Although simple esters are sometimes known by their generic names, all esters may be
identified using the formal IUPAC term, based on the name of the acid accompanied by
the suffix "-oate." A carboxylic acid includes the group -COOH, and a group of
hydrocarbons is substituted in an ester. It may be an alkyl group such as methyl or
ethyl, or one that comprises a benzene ring such as phenyl or benzyl. Esters produce a
carbonyl core, culminating in bond angles of 120 degrees C-C-O and O-C-O owing to
sp2 hybridisation.
Unlike amides, esters are dynamic groups and are structurally versatile since there is a
lower energy barrier to rotation along the C-O-C bonds. Their resilience and low
polarity on a macroscopic scale impact their physical properties, they appear to be less
solid, contributing to a lower melting point, and more flexible, leading to a lower boiling
point than the corresponding amides. At carbonyl carbon, the esters react with
nucleophiles. The carbonyl is weakly electrophilic, but is targeted by potent
nucleophiles such as amines, alcoxides, sources of hydrides and compounds of
organolithium.
Small esters have identical boiling points of the same amount of carbon atoms as those
of aldehydes and ketones. Esters, including aldehydes and ketones, are polar
compounds, and therefore have dipole-dipole interactions and dispersion powers of
van der Waals. Nevertheless, they do not form ester-ester hydrogen bonds, and they
have slightly lower boiling points than those of an acid with the same amount of carbon
atoms.
P2. Produce an appropriate project proposal for an investigative project
proposal, to include hypothesis.
My research proposal is based on the production of benzoate phenyl in the laboratory.
AIM: To carefully prepare phenyl benzoate in the laboratory
HYPOTHESIS: I expect that by reacting phenol with benzoyl chloride and
additional sodium hydroxide solution, benzoylated phenyl benzoate may occur.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION: Phenyl benzoate, C13H10O2, is a product
that occurs at room temperature as white crystalline powder, with a temperature
between 68 and 70 degrees Celsius and a boiling point of 298 to 299 degrees
Celsius. This is a benzoic acid phenyl ester and, for health reasons, all phenyl
