NURS3303 FINAL EXAM!!! 2025/2026
EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS |
100% PASS
CELLULAR BIOLOGY
Energy Production - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔The stages of cellular respiration include
glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid or Krebs cycle, and oxidative
phosphorylation.
What organelle produces ATP (energy)? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Mitochondria
INFECTION AND INFLAMMATION - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔
Infection phases - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔- INCUBATION PERIOD- Period of infection
before symptoms appear
- PRODROMAL PERIOD- Is when the patient just doesn't feel good/right
- ACUTE PHASE- This is when it is a full blown infection (sometimes
asymptomatic)—The length of the acute phase depends on the virulence and host
resistance
,- RECOVERY PHASE-
What are some clinical Signs/Symptoms of infection? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔LOCAL-
Redness, swelling, heat, pain/tenderness, purulent exudate, swollen lymph nodes
SYSTEMIC- SIGNS: Elevated WBC>10,000 and left shift (increased neutrophils).
SYMPTOMS: Fever, fatigue, anorexia, headache, muscle aches, seizures,
disorientation or loss of consciousness
What types of transmission are there? Examples? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔- Direct
contact
- Indirect contact
- Droplet contact
- Vector borne
- Blood-blood transmission-> Blood transfusion is the most common method of
transmission of bloodborne infections
o Needlestick or lacerating injury with a sharp instrument contaminated with
infected blood
o Intravenous drug users can contract infection from unsterile needles
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,o ***Bloodborne pathogens can also enter the body via the eye, naso-oral mucous
membranes, and skin that is not intact***
CHAIN OF INFECTION
How do we break the chain of infection? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Infectious agents
Resevoir
Portals of Entry
Modes of Transmission
Portals of Exit
Susceptible host
By washing hands, wearing PPE, disinfecting surfaces/equipment
Inflammation
- S/S?
- Labs? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔A protective, coordinated response of the body to an
injurious agent
COPYRIGHT©BLAIRALISTERNEWTON 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
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PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, - It involves a specific sequential reaction to cell injury
- Inflammation is NOT the same as infection. You can have inflammation without
infection, but you cannot have infection without causing inflammation
- GOAL: To wall off the area of injury, prevent spread of the injurious agent, and
bring the body's defenses to the region under attack
CARDINAL SIGNS:
- Redness
- Swelling
- Warmth
- Pain
- Loss of function
S/S:
- LOCAL- Heat, Erythema (redness), Pain, Edema, Loss of function
- SYSTEMIC- Fever, Leukocytosis (increased # of WBCs), Nonspecific symptoms
(such as Malaise, Headache, and Anorexia)
COPYRIGHT©BLAIRALISTERNEWTON 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
4
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS |
100% PASS
CELLULAR BIOLOGY
Energy Production - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔The stages of cellular respiration include
glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid or Krebs cycle, and oxidative
phosphorylation.
What organelle produces ATP (energy)? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Mitochondria
INFECTION AND INFLAMMATION - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔
Infection phases - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔- INCUBATION PERIOD- Period of infection
before symptoms appear
- PRODROMAL PERIOD- Is when the patient just doesn't feel good/right
- ACUTE PHASE- This is when it is a full blown infection (sometimes
asymptomatic)—The length of the acute phase depends on the virulence and host
resistance
,- RECOVERY PHASE-
What are some clinical Signs/Symptoms of infection? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔LOCAL-
Redness, swelling, heat, pain/tenderness, purulent exudate, swollen lymph nodes
SYSTEMIC- SIGNS: Elevated WBC>10,000 and left shift (increased neutrophils).
SYMPTOMS: Fever, fatigue, anorexia, headache, muscle aches, seizures,
disorientation or loss of consciousness
What types of transmission are there? Examples? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔- Direct
contact
- Indirect contact
- Droplet contact
- Vector borne
- Blood-blood transmission-> Blood transfusion is the most common method of
transmission of bloodborne infections
o Needlestick or lacerating injury with a sharp instrument contaminated with
infected blood
o Intravenous drug users can contract infection from unsterile needles
COPYRIGHT©BLAIRALISTERNEWTON 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
2
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,o ***Bloodborne pathogens can also enter the body via the eye, naso-oral mucous
membranes, and skin that is not intact***
CHAIN OF INFECTION
How do we break the chain of infection? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔Infectious agents
Resevoir
Portals of Entry
Modes of Transmission
Portals of Exit
Susceptible host
By washing hands, wearing PPE, disinfecting surfaces/equipment
Inflammation
- S/S?
- Labs? - 🧠 ANSWER ✔✔A protective, coordinated response of the body to an
injurious agent
COPYRIGHT©BLAIRALISTERNEWTON 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
3
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
, - It involves a specific sequential reaction to cell injury
- Inflammation is NOT the same as infection. You can have inflammation without
infection, but you cannot have infection without causing inflammation
- GOAL: To wall off the area of injury, prevent spread of the injurious agent, and
bring the body's defenses to the region under attack
CARDINAL SIGNS:
- Redness
- Swelling
- Warmth
- Pain
- Loss of function
S/S:
- LOCAL- Heat, Erythema (redness), Pain, Edema, Loss of function
- SYSTEMIC- Fever, Leukocytosis (increased # of WBCs), Nonspecific symptoms
(such as Malaise, Headache, and Anorexia)
COPYRIGHT©BLAIRALISTERNEWTON 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE.
4
PRIVACY STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
