,Table of Contents
Unit 1: Organization of the Body
Chapter 1: The Human Body – An Orientation
• 1.1 Form (anatomy) determines function (physiology)
• 1.2 The body’s organization ranges from atoms to the entire organism
• 1.3 What are the requirements for life?
• 1.4 Homeostasis is maintained by negative feedback
• 1.5 Anatomical terms describe body directions, regions, and planes
• 1.6 Many internal organs lie in membrane-lined body cavities
Chapter 2: Basic Chemistry
• 2.1 Matter is composed of elements
• 2.2 Each element is composed of atoms
• 2.3 Molecules and compounds are combinations of atoms
• 2.4 Chemical bonds join atoms together
• 2.5 Chemical reactions form, rearrange, or break bonds
• 2.6 Inorganic compounds include water, salts, and many acids and bases
• 2.7 Organic compounds contain carbon
• 2.8 ATP provides a form of chemical energy that all body cells can use
Chapter 3: Cells: The Living Units
• 3.1 The cell theory is a unifying biological concept
• 3.2 The plasma membrane defines the extent of a cell
• 3.3 The cytoplasm contains cytosol, organelles, and inclusions
• 3.4 The nucleus is the control center of the cell
Chapter 4: Tissue: The Living Fabric
• 4.1 Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces and lines cavities
, • 4.2 Connective tissues support and bind other tissues
• 4.3 Muscle tissue provides movement
• 4.4 Nervous tissue regulates and controls body functions
• 4.5 Epithelial, connective, and muscle tissues have different abilities to regenerate
Chapter 5: The Integumentary System
• 5.1 The skin consists of two regions: epidermis and dermis
• 5.2 The epidermis consists of five layers of cells
• 5.3 The dermis has two layers and contains nerves, blood vessels, and parts of hair
follicles and glands
• 5.4 Hair and hair follicles help maintain warmth, alert us to insects, and guard the
scalp
• 5.5 Nails are scale-like modifications of the epidermis
• 5.6 Sweat and sebaceous glands help regulate body temperature and secrete
protective substances
• 5.7 Skin is a barrier that performs many functions
Chapter 6: Bones and Skeletal Tissues
• 6.1 There are three types of cartilage tissue
• 6.2 Bones perform several important functions
• 6.3 Bone structure includes bone markings, compact and spongy bone, and
membranes
• 6.4 Compact bone is made of structural units called osteons
• 6.5 Bone development involves ossification
• 6.6 Bone remodeling is a lifelong process
• 6.7 Bones act as levers for muscles
Chapter 7: The Skeleton
• 7.1 The axial skeleton includes skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage
• 7.2 The appendicular skeleton includes the limbs and their girdles
, • 7.3 The skeletal system changes throughout life
Chapter 8: Joints
• 8.1 Joints are classified by structure and function
• 8.2 Synovial joints are freely movable and include many structures
• 8.3 There are six types of synovial joints based on movement
Chapter 9: Muscles and Muscle Tissue
• 9.1 There are three types of muscle tissue
• 9.2 Skeletal muscle fibers are long cylindrical cells
• 9.3 Muscle contraction depends on interaction of actin and myosin
• 9.4 A motor neuron stimulates a skeletal muscle fiber at a neuromuscular junction
• 9.5 A muscle twitch has three phases
• 9.6 Muscles use ATP for energy
• 9.7 Smooth muscle is involuntary and found in walls of hollow organs
Chapter 10: The Muscular System
• 10.1 Skeletal muscles produce movement by exerting force on tendons
• 10.2 Muscles are named according to several criteria
• 10.3 Muscles are organized into functional groups
Chapter 11: Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue
• 11.1 The nervous system is divided into central and peripheral systems
• 11.2 Neurons are the structural units of the nervous system
• 11.3 Neuroglia support and maintain neurons
• 11.4 Membrane potentials are generated by ionic concentration differences
• 11.5 Synapses transmit information from one neuron to another
Chapter 12: The Central Nervous System
• 12.1 The brain has four major regions
• 12.2 The spinal cord connects the brain to the body
, • 12.3 Protective structures surround the CNS
Chapter 13: The Peripheral Nervous System and Reflex Activity
• 13.1 The PNS includes sensory receptors and nerves
• 13.2 Reflex arcs are the basis of reflexes
Chapter 14: The Autonomic Nervous System
• 14.1 The ANS has sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
• 14.2 ANS neurotransmitters determine effects on target organs
Chapter 15: The Special Senses
• 15.1 Vision involves the eyes and visual pathways
• 15.2 Hearing and balance rely on the ear’s structure
• 15.3 Taste and smell detect chemical stimuli
Chapter 16: The Endocrine System
• 16.1 Hormones regulate body functions
• 16.2 Endocrine glands include the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, and others
Chapter 17: Blood
• 17.1 Blood functions in transport, regulation, and protection
• 17.2 Blood consists of plasma and formed elements
Chapter 18: The Cardiovascular System – The Heart
• 18.1 The heart has four chambers and pumps blood through two circuits
• 18.2 Heart valves ensure unidirectional blood flow
Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System – Blood Vessels
• 19.1 Arteries, veins, and capillaries form a closed circuit
• 19.2 Blood pressure is the force of blood on vessel walls
Chapter 20: The Lymphatic System and Lymphoid Organs and Tissues
• 20.1 The lymphatic system returns fluids to the blood
• 20.2 Lymphoid organs help defend the body
,Chapter 21: The Immune System – Innate and Adaptive Body Defenses
• 21.1 The immune system protects against pathogens
• 21.2 Innate defenses include barriers and inflammatory response
• 21.3 Adaptive defenses involve lymphocytes
Chapter 22: The Respiratory System
• 22.1 The respiratory system supplies the body with oxygen and disposes of carbon
dioxide
• 22.2 Pulmonary ventilation involves inspiration and expiration
Chapter 23: The Digestive System
• 23.1 The digestive system processes food for absorption
• 23.2 The GI tract has specialized structures for each function
Chapter 24: Nutrition, Metabolism, and Body Temperature Regulation
• 24.1 Nutrients are substances used for growth, maintenance, and repair
• 24.2 Metabolism includes all chemical reactions in the body
Chapter 25: The Urinary System
• 25.1 The urinary system removes nitrogenous wastes and maintains homeostasis
• 25.2 The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney
Chapter 26: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance
• 26.1 Body fluids are compartmentalized and regulated
• 26.2 Electrolytes influence water movement and balance
Chapter 27: The Reproductive System
• 27.1 The reproductive system ensures continuation of the species
• 27.2 Male and female systems differ but share common goals
Chapter 28: Pregnancy and Human Development
• 28.1 Fertilization begins the process of development
• 28.2 Embryonic and fetal development follow fertilization
,Chapter 29: Genetics
• 29.1 Genes are the vocabulary of genetics
• 29.2 Genetic variation results from independent assortment, crossing over, and
random fertilization
,Chapter 1
1. A student examines the microscopic structure of
cardiac muscle cells to understand how their
intercalated discs contribute to heart function.
Which branch of anatomy is the student studying?
A. Gross anatomy
B. Surface anatomy
C. Developmental anatomy
D. Microscopic anatomy
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Microscopic anatomy focuses on
structures too small to be seen with the naked eye,
such as cells and tissues.
2. During a dissection lab, you identify and name the
major body cavities (cranial, thoracic, abdominal).
Which topic of anatomy does this best illustrate?
A. Regional anatomy
B. Systemic anatomy
C. Surface anatomy
D. Clinical anatomy
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Regional anatomy studies all structures in
, a specific body region, such as cavities and their
contents.
3. A researcher measures the rate of diffusion of
oxygen through different membrane types. This
investigation exemplifies which topic of physiology?
A. Endocrine physiology
B. Renal physiology
C. Neurophysiology
D. Membrane physiology
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Membrane physiology examines how
substances move across cell membranes and the
mechanisms involved.
4. Which statement best describes the
complementarity of structure and function?
A. Function dictates the body’s structure during
development.
B. Similar structures always perform the same
function.
C. The shape of a structure enables its specific
function.
D. Structure and function are independent of each
, other.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The specific form of a body part suits its
function, illustrating that anatomy and physiology
are complementary.
5. Which method of studying anatomy involves
sampling cells with a swab to analyze DNA?
A. Histology
B. Cadaveric dissection
C. Cytology
D. Comparative anatomy
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Cytology is the study of individual cells,
often involving cellular samples for microscopic
examination.
6. A clinician palpates a patient’s abdomen to locate
the liver. Which anatomical approach is being used?
A. Surface anatomy
B. Developmental anatomy
C. Radiographic anatomy
D. Systemic anatomy
Correct Answer: A
Unit 1: Organization of the Body
Chapter 1: The Human Body – An Orientation
• 1.1 Form (anatomy) determines function (physiology)
• 1.2 The body’s organization ranges from atoms to the entire organism
• 1.3 What are the requirements for life?
• 1.4 Homeostasis is maintained by negative feedback
• 1.5 Anatomical terms describe body directions, regions, and planes
• 1.6 Many internal organs lie in membrane-lined body cavities
Chapter 2: Basic Chemistry
• 2.1 Matter is composed of elements
• 2.2 Each element is composed of atoms
• 2.3 Molecules and compounds are combinations of atoms
• 2.4 Chemical bonds join atoms together
• 2.5 Chemical reactions form, rearrange, or break bonds
• 2.6 Inorganic compounds include water, salts, and many acids and bases
• 2.7 Organic compounds contain carbon
• 2.8 ATP provides a form of chemical energy that all body cells can use
Chapter 3: Cells: The Living Units
• 3.1 The cell theory is a unifying biological concept
• 3.2 The plasma membrane defines the extent of a cell
• 3.3 The cytoplasm contains cytosol, organelles, and inclusions
• 3.4 The nucleus is the control center of the cell
Chapter 4: Tissue: The Living Fabric
• 4.1 Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces and lines cavities
, • 4.2 Connective tissues support and bind other tissues
• 4.3 Muscle tissue provides movement
• 4.4 Nervous tissue regulates and controls body functions
• 4.5 Epithelial, connective, and muscle tissues have different abilities to regenerate
Chapter 5: The Integumentary System
• 5.1 The skin consists of two regions: epidermis and dermis
• 5.2 The epidermis consists of five layers of cells
• 5.3 The dermis has two layers and contains nerves, blood vessels, and parts of hair
follicles and glands
• 5.4 Hair and hair follicles help maintain warmth, alert us to insects, and guard the
scalp
• 5.5 Nails are scale-like modifications of the epidermis
• 5.6 Sweat and sebaceous glands help regulate body temperature and secrete
protective substances
• 5.7 Skin is a barrier that performs many functions
Chapter 6: Bones and Skeletal Tissues
• 6.1 There are three types of cartilage tissue
• 6.2 Bones perform several important functions
• 6.3 Bone structure includes bone markings, compact and spongy bone, and
membranes
• 6.4 Compact bone is made of structural units called osteons
• 6.5 Bone development involves ossification
• 6.6 Bone remodeling is a lifelong process
• 6.7 Bones act as levers for muscles
Chapter 7: The Skeleton
• 7.1 The axial skeleton includes skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage
• 7.2 The appendicular skeleton includes the limbs and their girdles
, • 7.3 The skeletal system changes throughout life
Chapter 8: Joints
• 8.1 Joints are classified by structure and function
• 8.2 Synovial joints are freely movable and include many structures
• 8.3 There are six types of synovial joints based on movement
Chapter 9: Muscles and Muscle Tissue
• 9.1 There are three types of muscle tissue
• 9.2 Skeletal muscle fibers are long cylindrical cells
• 9.3 Muscle contraction depends on interaction of actin and myosin
• 9.4 A motor neuron stimulates a skeletal muscle fiber at a neuromuscular junction
• 9.5 A muscle twitch has three phases
• 9.6 Muscles use ATP for energy
• 9.7 Smooth muscle is involuntary and found in walls of hollow organs
Chapter 10: The Muscular System
• 10.1 Skeletal muscles produce movement by exerting force on tendons
• 10.2 Muscles are named according to several criteria
• 10.3 Muscles are organized into functional groups
Chapter 11: Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue
• 11.1 The nervous system is divided into central and peripheral systems
• 11.2 Neurons are the structural units of the nervous system
• 11.3 Neuroglia support and maintain neurons
• 11.4 Membrane potentials are generated by ionic concentration differences
• 11.5 Synapses transmit information from one neuron to another
Chapter 12: The Central Nervous System
• 12.1 The brain has four major regions
• 12.2 The spinal cord connects the brain to the body
, • 12.3 Protective structures surround the CNS
Chapter 13: The Peripheral Nervous System and Reflex Activity
• 13.1 The PNS includes sensory receptors and nerves
• 13.2 Reflex arcs are the basis of reflexes
Chapter 14: The Autonomic Nervous System
• 14.1 The ANS has sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
• 14.2 ANS neurotransmitters determine effects on target organs
Chapter 15: The Special Senses
• 15.1 Vision involves the eyes and visual pathways
• 15.2 Hearing and balance rely on the ear’s structure
• 15.3 Taste and smell detect chemical stimuli
Chapter 16: The Endocrine System
• 16.1 Hormones regulate body functions
• 16.2 Endocrine glands include the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, and others
Chapter 17: Blood
• 17.1 Blood functions in transport, regulation, and protection
• 17.2 Blood consists of plasma and formed elements
Chapter 18: The Cardiovascular System – The Heart
• 18.1 The heart has four chambers and pumps blood through two circuits
• 18.2 Heart valves ensure unidirectional blood flow
Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System – Blood Vessels
• 19.1 Arteries, veins, and capillaries form a closed circuit
• 19.2 Blood pressure is the force of blood on vessel walls
Chapter 20: The Lymphatic System and Lymphoid Organs and Tissues
• 20.1 The lymphatic system returns fluids to the blood
• 20.2 Lymphoid organs help defend the body
,Chapter 21: The Immune System – Innate and Adaptive Body Defenses
• 21.1 The immune system protects against pathogens
• 21.2 Innate defenses include barriers and inflammatory response
• 21.3 Adaptive defenses involve lymphocytes
Chapter 22: The Respiratory System
• 22.1 The respiratory system supplies the body with oxygen and disposes of carbon
dioxide
• 22.2 Pulmonary ventilation involves inspiration and expiration
Chapter 23: The Digestive System
• 23.1 The digestive system processes food for absorption
• 23.2 The GI tract has specialized structures for each function
Chapter 24: Nutrition, Metabolism, and Body Temperature Regulation
• 24.1 Nutrients are substances used for growth, maintenance, and repair
• 24.2 Metabolism includes all chemical reactions in the body
Chapter 25: The Urinary System
• 25.1 The urinary system removes nitrogenous wastes and maintains homeostasis
• 25.2 The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney
Chapter 26: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance
• 26.1 Body fluids are compartmentalized and regulated
• 26.2 Electrolytes influence water movement and balance
Chapter 27: The Reproductive System
• 27.1 The reproductive system ensures continuation of the species
• 27.2 Male and female systems differ but share common goals
Chapter 28: Pregnancy and Human Development
• 28.1 Fertilization begins the process of development
• 28.2 Embryonic and fetal development follow fertilization
,Chapter 29: Genetics
• 29.1 Genes are the vocabulary of genetics
• 29.2 Genetic variation results from independent assortment, crossing over, and
random fertilization
,Chapter 1
1. A student examines the microscopic structure of
cardiac muscle cells to understand how their
intercalated discs contribute to heart function.
Which branch of anatomy is the student studying?
A. Gross anatomy
B. Surface anatomy
C. Developmental anatomy
D. Microscopic anatomy
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Microscopic anatomy focuses on
structures too small to be seen with the naked eye,
such as cells and tissues.
2. During a dissection lab, you identify and name the
major body cavities (cranial, thoracic, abdominal).
Which topic of anatomy does this best illustrate?
A. Regional anatomy
B. Systemic anatomy
C. Surface anatomy
D. Clinical anatomy
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Regional anatomy studies all structures in
, a specific body region, such as cavities and their
contents.
3. A researcher measures the rate of diffusion of
oxygen through different membrane types. This
investigation exemplifies which topic of physiology?
A. Endocrine physiology
B. Renal physiology
C. Neurophysiology
D. Membrane physiology
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Membrane physiology examines how
substances move across cell membranes and the
mechanisms involved.
4. Which statement best describes the
complementarity of structure and function?
A. Function dictates the body’s structure during
development.
B. Similar structures always perform the same
function.
C. The shape of a structure enables its specific
function.
D. Structure and function are independent of each
, other.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The specific form of a body part suits its
function, illustrating that anatomy and physiology
are complementary.
5. Which method of studying anatomy involves
sampling cells with a swab to analyze DNA?
A. Histology
B. Cadaveric dissection
C. Cytology
D. Comparative anatomy
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Cytology is the study of individual cells,
often involving cellular samples for microscopic
examination.
6. A clinician palpates a patient’s abdomen to locate
the liver. Which anatomical approach is being used?
A. Surface anatomy
B. Developmental anatomy
C. Radiographic anatomy
D. Systemic anatomy
Correct Answer: A
