APSY 203: CHILD PSYCH EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE
Height and weight gains are greater during -- than any other time after birth - Answers
- the first two years
Body fat develops quickly during the first -- - Answers - nine months
Muscle development is -- - Answers - slow and gradual
Cephalocaudal trend - Answers - head develops more rapidly than the lower part of
the body
Proximodistal trend - Answers - growth that proceeds from the center of the body
outward
Skeletal age - Answers - a measure of bone development
- girls are ahead of boys in maturity
- African American children tend to be ahead of European - American and Hispanic
American children
Neurons - Answers - nerve cells that transmit and store information
Synapses - Answers - spaces between neurons where neural fibers come close
together to communicate
Neurotransmitters - Answers - chemical messengers that help neurons communicate
with each other
During the -- neural fibers and synapses increase rapidly - Answers - first two years
Neurons produced from -- migrate to other major parts of the brain and differentiate -
Answers - embryo neural tube
Programmed cell death (apoptosis) - Answers - an aspect of brain growth in which, as
synapses form, many surrounding neurons die, making, space for the synapses
Stimulation initially results in massive -- - Answers - overabundance of synapses
Synaptic pruning - Answers - loss of synapses by seldom-stimulated neurons
Glial cells - Answers - responsible for myelination and can participate directly in neural
communication
Myelenation - Answers - coating of neural fibers with myelin, an insulating fatty sheath
that improves the efficiency of message transfer
,Electroencephalogram (EEG) - Answers - electrodes embedded in a head cap record
electrical brain wave activity on the cerebral cortex
Event-related potential (ERP) - Answers - records frequency and amplitude of brain
waves in response to stimuli
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fmri) - Answers - a magnetic scanner detects
blood flow and oxygen metabolism in the brain
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) - Answers - scanner emits x-rays that detect
blood flow and oxygen metabolism
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) - Answers - Light is beamed at the brain and is
absorbed by certain areas of cerebral cortex
Cerebral cortex - Answers - outermost layer of the brain divided into four lobes
-frontal
-parietal
-temporal
-occipital
Frontal lobe - Answers - most extended period of development
Prefrontal cortex - Answers - complex thought, consciousness, inhibition of impulses,
self-regulation, memory
Lateralization - Answers - hemispheres of brain develop specialized function
-handedness
Left brain - Answers - verbal abilities and positive emotions
Right brain - Answers - spatial abilities and negative emotions
Brain plasticity - Answers - enables other parts of the brain to take over functions of
damaged areas
- the brain is more plastic in the first few years
- influence of early experiences on organization of the cerebral cortex for language
Experience expectant brain growth - Answers - ordinary experiences that influence the
brain's developing organization
- occurs early and naturally
Experience-dependent brain growth - Answers - additional growth and the refinement
of established brain structures as a result of specific learning experiences
- if started too early, can overwhelm developing brain's neural circuity
, Changing states of arousal - Answers - arousal patterns change due to rapid brain
growth
- periods of sleep & wakefulness become fewer & longer
- increasingly conforms to night-day -sleep-wake schedule
Arousal patterns also affected by environment
- cultural differences in adhering to a sleep schedule
- sleep arrangements
- bedtime routines
Heredity - Answers - -identical twins are much more alike in body size than fraternal
twins
-when diet and health are adequate, height and rate of physical growth depend largely
on genetics
-catch-up growth
Catch-up growth - Answers - a return to a genetically determined growth path
Nutrition - Answers - infant's energy needs are 2x those of adults
- 25% total caloric intake is devoted to growth
Breastfeeding/formula until age -- - Answers - 2 years
Solid foods added at -- - Answers - 6 months
Breastfed and bottle fed infants -- in quality of mother infant relationship or later
emotional adjustment - Answers - do not differ
Maramus - Answers - wasted condition caused by low nutrient diet
Kwashiorkor - Answers - unbalanced diet very low in protein
Weight/growth faltering - Answers - infants whose weight (but not height) is
substantially below age-related growth norms and who are withdrawn and apathetic
- usually cased initially by inadequate caloric intake
- 1/2 of cases involve a disturbed parent-child relationship
- affected infants are often irritable and display irregular feeding behaviors, which lead
to parental anxiety and helplessness
- when treated early, children show quick catch-up growth
Habituation - Answers - a gradual reduction in the strength of a response due to
repetitive stimulation
Recovery - Answers - when a new stimulus/ change in environment causes
responsiveness to return to a high level
Height and weight gains are greater during -- than any other time after birth - Answers
- the first two years
Body fat develops quickly during the first -- - Answers - nine months
Muscle development is -- - Answers - slow and gradual
Cephalocaudal trend - Answers - head develops more rapidly than the lower part of
the body
Proximodistal trend - Answers - growth that proceeds from the center of the body
outward
Skeletal age - Answers - a measure of bone development
- girls are ahead of boys in maturity
- African American children tend to be ahead of European - American and Hispanic
American children
Neurons - Answers - nerve cells that transmit and store information
Synapses - Answers - spaces between neurons where neural fibers come close
together to communicate
Neurotransmitters - Answers - chemical messengers that help neurons communicate
with each other
During the -- neural fibers and synapses increase rapidly - Answers - first two years
Neurons produced from -- migrate to other major parts of the brain and differentiate -
Answers - embryo neural tube
Programmed cell death (apoptosis) - Answers - an aspect of brain growth in which, as
synapses form, many surrounding neurons die, making, space for the synapses
Stimulation initially results in massive -- - Answers - overabundance of synapses
Synaptic pruning - Answers - loss of synapses by seldom-stimulated neurons
Glial cells - Answers - responsible for myelination and can participate directly in neural
communication
Myelenation - Answers - coating of neural fibers with myelin, an insulating fatty sheath
that improves the efficiency of message transfer
,Electroencephalogram (EEG) - Answers - electrodes embedded in a head cap record
electrical brain wave activity on the cerebral cortex
Event-related potential (ERP) - Answers - records frequency and amplitude of brain
waves in response to stimuli
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fmri) - Answers - a magnetic scanner detects
blood flow and oxygen metabolism in the brain
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) - Answers - scanner emits x-rays that detect
blood flow and oxygen metabolism
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) - Answers - Light is beamed at the brain and is
absorbed by certain areas of cerebral cortex
Cerebral cortex - Answers - outermost layer of the brain divided into four lobes
-frontal
-parietal
-temporal
-occipital
Frontal lobe - Answers - most extended period of development
Prefrontal cortex - Answers - complex thought, consciousness, inhibition of impulses,
self-regulation, memory
Lateralization - Answers - hemispheres of brain develop specialized function
-handedness
Left brain - Answers - verbal abilities and positive emotions
Right brain - Answers - spatial abilities and negative emotions
Brain plasticity - Answers - enables other parts of the brain to take over functions of
damaged areas
- the brain is more plastic in the first few years
- influence of early experiences on organization of the cerebral cortex for language
Experience expectant brain growth - Answers - ordinary experiences that influence the
brain's developing organization
- occurs early and naturally
Experience-dependent brain growth - Answers - additional growth and the refinement
of established brain structures as a result of specific learning experiences
- if started too early, can overwhelm developing brain's neural circuity
, Changing states of arousal - Answers - arousal patterns change due to rapid brain
growth
- periods of sleep & wakefulness become fewer & longer
- increasingly conforms to night-day -sleep-wake schedule
Arousal patterns also affected by environment
- cultural differences in adhering to a sleep schedule
- sleep arrangements
- bedtime routines
Heredity - Answers - -identical twins are much more alike in body size than fraternal
twins
-when diet and health are adequate, height and rate of physical growth depend largely
on genetics
-catch-up growth
Catch-up growth - Answers - a return to a genetically determined growth path
Nutrition - Answers - infant's energy needs are 2x those of adults
- 25% total caloric intake is devoted to growth
Breastfeeding/formula until age -- - Answers - 2 years
Solid foods added at -- - Answers - 6 months
Breastfed and bottle fed infants -- in quality of mother infant relationship or later
emotional adjustment - Answers - do not differ
Maramus - Answers - wasted condition caused by low nutrient diet
Kwashiorkor - Answers - unbalanced diet very low in protein
Weight/growth faltering - Answers - infants whose weight (but not height) is
substantially below age-related growth norms and who are withdrawn and apathetic
- usually cased initially by inadequate caloric intake
- 1/2 of cases involve a disturbed parent-child relationship
- affected infants are often irritable and display irregular feeding behaviors, which lead
to parental anxiety and helplessness
- when treated early, children show quick catch-up growth
Habituation - Answers - a gradual reduction in the strength of a response due to
repetitive stimulation
Recovery - Answers - when a new stimulus/ change in environment causes
responsiveness to return to a high level
