WGU D564 Theories of Personality Exam Study Guide
• one's beliefs about the degree to which one will be able to accomplish agoal if one tries.:
self-efficacy
• a person's knowledge and opinions about herself.: self-concept
• learning a behavior by watching someone else do it.: observational learning
• Bandura's term for the way people affect their environments even whiletheir
environments affect them.: reciprocal determinism
• - it is not clear that the effects of behavioral therapies on phobias, addic-tions, and other
problems are generalizable and long-lasting - the character-istic ways people think can cause
them to respond differently to the same situation.: limitations of behavioral approach
• Whatever produces the most pleasure for the most people in the long runis good.: The
hedonistic philosophy leads to the assumption that:
• Reinforcements and punishments.: B. F. Skinner's clever students were ableto manipulate
his lecture style by adopting certain kinds of listening postures whenhe was near the podium
and others when he took steps away from it. They were shaping his behavior using subtle:
• Classical conditioning.: Ivan Pavlov is one of behavioral psychology's most famous
figures. His experiments in teaching animals to associate the meaning of one stimulus with that
of another is a foundational example of:
• Empiricism.: The idea that all knowledge comes from experience is called:
• Three of the four answers below are among the reasons that punishershave to be careful
when meting out punishments. Which is the erroneous answer?: Punishment motivates
transgressors to flaunt bad behavior.
• A person's environment is a direct result of her behavior.: Behavior
• According to Bandura, the idea that persons, their environments, and theirbehaviors all
affect each other in a constantly ongoing series of interactions.-
: Reciprocal determinism
• Advertising slogans like 'Just Do It' and 'You Can Do It!' relate to thisincarnation of social
learning theory.: Efficacy expectations
• Parents, teachers, and bosses can prevent some behaviors by usingthese.: Rewards and
punishments
• If an animal or a person's behavior is followed by a reinforcement, the behavior becomes
more likely. If the behavior is followed by a punishment,it becomes less likely.:
Reinforcement; punishment
• You feel fear when you have reason to think that danger is impending andyou know what
the danger is. Anxiety, on the other hand, comes about when
, the source of danger is unclear or when you have no idea when the dangermight actually
arrive.: Learned helplessness
• Before asking a cute classmate out for a date, you weigh your odds: Whatare the chances I
will be rebuffed, as opposed to those that I will win a date?: Expectancy value theory
• Many of us have gradually become less moved by the graphic violence in movies and
video games. In this, we are experiencing a kind of learning calledhabituation.: Habituation
• Two stimuli repeatedly experienced together will eventually elicit the sameresponse.
Additionally, behaviors followed by pleasant outcomes tend to berepeated, while those
followed by unpleasant outcomes tend to be dropped.-
: Behavior changes as the result of experience
• Respondent conditioning implies a kind of passive response with no impact of its own;
operant conditioning is when an animal (including humans)learns to operate in its world in
such a way as to change it.: Respondent conditioning; operant conditioning
• A state of psychological tension that feels good when the tension isreduced.: Drive
• Primary drives include those for food, water, physical comfort, avoidanceof physical pain,
sexual gratification, and so on. Secondary drives include positive drives for love, prestige,
money, and power, as well as the avoidanceof fear or humiliation.: Primary drives; Secondary
drives
• In the context of behavioral psychology, environment refers to the rewardsand punishments
an individual experiences in the physical and social world.-
: Environment
• Learning a behavior vicariously, by seeing someone else do it, is calledobservational
learning.: Observational learning
• This dimension of social learning theory seems to correspond very closelywith Freud's idea
of displacement.: Frustration-aggression hypothesis
• The mental activities of personality, including perception, thought, motiva-tion, and
emotion.: Personality Processes
• Activation of a concept or idea by repeatedly perceiving it or thinking about it. The usual
result is that this concept or idea comes to mind more quickly and easily in new situations.:
Priming
• The tendency of an idea or concept to come easily to mind for a particular individual.:
Chronic accessibility
• A form of chronic accessibility that is triggered by any indication—even an ambiguous
one—that rejection may be imminent.: Rejection sensitivity
• one's beliefs about the degree to which one will be able to accomplish agoal if one tries.:
self-efficacy
• a person's knowledge and opinions about herself.: self-concept
• learning a behavior by watching someone else do it.: observational learning
• Bandura's term for the way people affect their environments even whiletheir
environments affect them.: reciprocal determinism
• - it is not clear that the effects of behavioral therapies on phobias, addic-tions, and other
problems are generalizable and long-lasting - the character-istic ways people think can cause
them to respond differently to the same situation.: limitations of behavioral approach
• Whatever produces the most pleasure for the most people in the long runis good.: The
hedonistic philosophy leads to the assumption that:
• Reinforcements and punishments.: B. F. Skinner's clever students were ableto manipulate
his lecture style by adopting certain kinds of listening postures whenhe was near the podium
and others when he took steps away from it. They were shaping his behavior using subtle:
• Classical conditioning.: Ivan Pavlov is one of behavioral psychology's most famous
figures. His experiments in teaching animals to associate the meaning of one stimulus with that
of another is a foundational example of:
• Empiricism.: The idea that all knowledge comes from experience is called:
• Three of the four answers below are among the reasons that punishershave to be careful
when meting out punishments. Which is the erroneous answer?: Punishment motivates
transgressors to flaunt bad behavior.
• A person's environment is a direct result of her behavior.: Behavior
• According to Bandura, the idea that persons, their environments, and theirbehaviors all
affect each other in a constantly ongoing series of interactions.-
: Reciprocal determinism
• Advertising slogans like 'Just Do It' and 'You Can Do It!' relate to thisincarnation of social
learning theory.: Efficacy expectations
• Parents, teachers, and bosses can prevent some behaviors by usingthese.: Rewards and
punishments
• If an animal or a person's behavior is followed by a reinforcement, the behavior becomes
more likely. If the behavior is followed by a punishment,it becomes less likely.:
Reinforcement; punishment
• You feel fear when you have reason to think that danger is impending andyou know what
the danger is. Anxiety, on the other hand, comes about when
, the source of danger is unclear or when you have no idea when the dangermight actually
arrive.: Learned helplessness
• Before asking a cute classmate out for a date, you weigh your odds: Whatare the chances I
will be rebuffed, as opposed to those that I will win a date?: Expectancy value theory
• Many of us have gradually become less moved by the graphic violence in movies and
video games. In this, we are experiencing a kind of learning calledhabituation.: Habituation
• Two stimuli repeatedly experienced together will eventually elicit the sameresponse.
Additionally, behaviors followed by pleasant outcomes tend to berepeated, while those
followed by unpleasant outcomes tend to be dropped.-
: Behavior changes as the result of experience
• Respondent conditioning implies a kind of passive response with no impact of its own;
operant conditioning is when an animal (including humans)learns to operate in its world in
such a way as to change it.: Respondent conditioning; operant conditioning
• A state of psychological tension that feels good when the tension isreduced.: Drive
• Primary drives include those for food, water, physical comfort, avoidanceof physical pain,
sexual gratification, and so on. Secondary drives include positive drives for love, prestige,
money, and power, as well as the avoidanceof fear or humiliation.: Primary drives; Secondary
drives
• In the context of behavioral psychology, environment refers to the rewardsand punishments
an individual experiences in the physical and social world.-
: Environment
• Learning a behavior vicariously, by seeing someone else do it, is calledobservational
learning.: Observational learning
• This dimension of social learning theory seems to correspond very closelywith Freud's idea
of displacement.: Frustration-aggression hypothesis
• The mental activities of personality, including perception, thought, motiva-tion, and
emotion.: Personality Processes
• Activation of a concept or idea by repeatedly perceiving it or thinking about it. The usual
result is that this concept or idea comes to mind more quickly and easily in new situations.:
Priming
• The tendency of an idea or concept to come easily to mind for a particular individual.:
Chronic accessibility
• A form of chronic accessibility that is triggered by any indication—even an ambiguous
one—that rejection may be imminent.: Rejection sensitivity
