Cognitive Psychology Midterm
B.F. Skinner - (1940s-1960s) Operant Conditioning--Shape behavior by rewards or punishments.
Behavior that is rewarded is more likely to be repeated. Behavior that is punished is less likely to
be repeated.
Birthday of Cognitive Science - 1956, cognitive revolution
Bottom-Up Determinants of Eye Movement - Stimulus salience: areas that stand out and
capture attention.
Bottom-up Processing - Perception may start with the senses, Incoming raw data, Energy
registering on receptors. (Hearing a fly and then swatting at it)
Broadbent - (1958) He used the Flow diagram representing what happens as a person directs
attention to one stimulus
Broadbent's Filter Model - Filters message before incoming information is analyzed for meaning.
Broca's Area - Area in left frontal lobe specialized for speech. Identified for producing language.
Cell Body - Metabolic center of the neuron; it contains mechanisms to keep the cell alive.
Chomsky - (1959) Argued children do not only learn language through imitation and
reinforcement.
Chunking - Small units can be combined into larger meaningful units. Chunk is a collection of
elements strongly associated with one another but weakly associated with elements in other
chunks. Ex. Phone numbers
, Input Processor - First step in flow diagram-received by...
Italian woman - She had impaired semantic memory but episodic memory for past events was
preserved
John Watson - Behaviorism. Eliminate the mind as a topic of study. Instead, study directly
observable behavior
K.C. - Damaged hippocampus: No episodic memory, cannot relive any events of his past.
Semantic memory intact, can remember general information about the past
K.F. - Suffered brain damage to his parietal lobe in a motorbike accident. Kept past events and
memories in his life but has a damaged short term memory.
Late Selection Models - Selection of stimuli for final processing does not occur until after
information has been analyzed for meaning
McKay (1973) In attending ear, participants heard ambiguous sentences
Law of Common Fate - Humans perceive visual elements that move in the same speed and/or
direction as parts of a single stimulus. A common example of this is a flock of birds. When
several birds fly in the same direction, we normally assume that they belong to a single group.
Law of Good Continuation - Humans tend to perceive each of two or more objects as different,
singular, and uninterrupted object even when they intersect. (Rope on the beach)
Law of Good Figure - Law of Pragnanz. The tendency of a person to perceive forms of similar
shape, form, color, pattern, and other attributes in group. This principle explains why people are
able to differentiate varying groups of shapes, patterns, etc.
B.F. Skinner - (1940s-1960s) Operant Conditioning--Shape behavior by rewards or punishments.
Behavior that is rewarded is more likely to be repeated. Behavior that is punished is less likely to
be repeated.
Birthday of Cognitive Science - 1956, cognitive revolution
Bottom-Up Determinants of Eye Movement - Stimulus salience: areas that stand out and
capture attention.
Bottom-up Processing - Perception may start with the senses, Incoming raw data, Energy
registering on receptors. (Hearing a fly and then swatting at it)
Broadbent - (1958) He used the Flow diagram representing what happens as a person directs
attention to one stimulus
Broadbent's Filter Model - Filters message before incoming information is analyzed for meaning.
Broca's Area - Area in left frontal lobe specialized for speech. Identified for producing language.
Cell Body - Metabolic center of the neuron; it contains mechanisms to keep the cell alive.
Chomsky - (1959) Argued children do not only learn language through imitation and
reinforcement.
Chunking - Small units can be combined into larger meaningful units. Chunk is a collection of
elements strongly associated with one another but weakly associated with elements in other
chunks. Ex. Phone numbers
, Input Processor - First step in flow diagram-received by...
Italian woman - She had impaired semantic memory but episodic memory for past events was
preserved
John Watson - Behaviorism. Eliminate the mind as a topic of study. Instead, study directly
observable behavior
K.C. - Damaged hippocampus: No episodic memory, cannot relive any events of his past.
Semantic memory intact, can remember general information about the past
K.F. - Suffered brain damage to his parietal lobe in a motorbike accident. Kept past events and
memories in his life but has a damaged short term memory.
Late Selection Models - Selection of stimuli for final processing does not occur until after
information has been analyzed for meaning
McKay (1973) In attending ear, participants heard ambiguous sentences
Law of Common Fate - Humans perceive visual elements that move in the same speed and/or
direction as parts of a single stimulus. A common example of this is a flock of birds. When
several birds fly in the same direction, we normally assume that they belong to a single group.
Law of Good Continuation - Humans tend to perceive each of two or more objects as different,
singular, and uninterrupted object even when they intersect. (Rope on the beach)
Law of Good Figure - Law of Pragnanz. The tendency of a person to perceive forms of similar
shape, form, color, pattern, and other attributes in group. This principle explains why people are
able to differentiate varying groups of shapes, patterns, etc.
