EXAM #1: ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY - CHAPTERS 1-4 QUIZ QUESTIONS WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS

EXAM #1: ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY - CHAPTERS 1-4 QUIZ QUESTIONS WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS “ABAB Design - CORRECT ANSWER An experimental design, often involving a single subject, wherein a baseline period (A) is followed by a treatment (B). To confirm that the treatment resulted in a change in behavior, the treatment is then withdrawn (A) and reinstated (B)." "Abnormal Psychology - CORRECT ANSWER Field of psychology concerned with the study, assessment, treatment, and prevention of abnormal behavior." "Acute - CORRECT ANSWER Term used to describe a disorder of sudden onset, usually with intense symptoms (short in duration)." "Analogue Studies - CORRECT ANSWER Studies in which a researcher attempts to emulate the conditions hypothesized as leading to abnormality." "Bias - CORRECT ANSWER Observer bias occurs when the researcher has preconceived ideas and expectations that influence the observations he or she makes in the research study." "External Validity - CORRECT ANSWER The extent to which the findings from a single study are relevant to other populations, contexts, or times." "Family Aggregation - CORRECT ANSWER The clustering of certain traits, behaviors, or disorders within a given family. Family aggregation may arise because of genetic or environmental similarities." "Generalizability - CORRECT ANSWER The extent to which the findings from a single study can be used to draw conclusions about other samples." "Hypothesis - CORRECT ANSWER Statement or proposition, usually based on observation, that is tested in an experiment; may be refuted or supported by experimental results but can never be conclusively proved." "Incidence - CORRECT ANSWER Occurrence (onset) rate of a given disorder in a given population." "Statistical Significance - CORRECT ANSWER A measure of the probability that a research finding could have occurred by chance alone." "Stereotyping - CORRECT ANSWER The tendency to jump to conclusions (often negative) about what a person is like based on the beliefs about that group that exist (often incorrectly) in the culture (e.g., French people are rude, homosexuals have good taste in clothes, mental patients are dangerous, etc.)." "Stigma - CORRECT ANSWER Negative labeling." "Third Variable Problem - CORRECT ANSWER Refers to the problem of making causal inferences in correlational research, where the correlation between two variables could be due to their shared correlation with an unmeasured third variable." "Asylums - CORRECT ANSWER Historically, these were institutions meant solely for the care of the mentally ill." "Behavioral Perspective - CORRECT ANSWER A theoretical viewpoint organized around the theme that learning is central in determining human behavior." "Behaviorism - CORRECT ANSWER School of psychology that formerly restricted itself primarily to the study of overt behavior." "Catharsis - CORRECT ANSWER Discharge of emotional tension associated with something, such as by talking about past traumas." "Psychoanalysis - CORRECT ANSWER Methods Freud used to study and treat patients." "Psychoanalytic Perspective - CORRECT ANSWER Theory of psychopathology, initially developed by Freud, that emphasizes the inner dynamics of unconscious motives." "Saint Vitus's Dance - CORRECT ANSWER Name given to the dancing mania (and mass hysteria) that spread from Italy to Germany and the rest of Europe in the Middle Ages." "Tarantism - CORRECT ANSWER Dancing mania that occurred in Italy in the nineteenth century." "Association Studies - CORRECT ANSWER Genetic research strategy comparing frequency of certain genetic markers known to be located on particular chromosomes in people with and without a particular disorder." "Hormones - CORRECT ANSWER Chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands that regulate development of and activity in various parts of the body." "Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis (HPA Axis) - CORRECT ANSWER Brain endocrine system involved in responding to stress in which the hypothalamus and pituitary send messages to the adrenal gland which releases a stress hormone that feeds back on the hypothalamus." "Id - CORRECT ANSWER In psychoanalytic theory, the reservoir of instinctual drives and the first structure to appear in infancy." "Instrumental (Operant) Conditioning - CORRECT ANSWER Reinforcement of a subject for making a correct response that leads either to receipt of something rewarding or to escape from something unpleasant." "Psychosexual Stages of Development - CORRECT ANSWER According to Freudian theory, there are five stages of psychosexual development, each characterized by a dominant mode of achieving sexual pleasure: the oral stage, the anal stage, the phallic stage, the latency stage, and the genital stage." "Reality Principle - CORRECT ANSWER Awareness of the demands of the environment and adjustment of behavior to meet these demands." "Reinforcement - CORRECT ANSWER The process of rewarding desired responses." "Resilience - CORRECT ANSWER The ability to adapt successfully to even very difficult circumstances." "Schema - CORRECT ANSWER An underlying representation of knowledge that guides current processing of information and often leads to distortions in attention, memory, and comprehension." "Secondary Process Thinking - CORRECT ANSWER Reality-oriented rational processes of the ego for dealing with the external world and the exercise of control over id demands." "Self-Schema - CORRECT ANSWER Our view of what we are, what we might become, and what is important to us." "Spontaneous Recovery - CORRECT ANSWER The return of a learned response at some time after extinction has occurred." "Stress - CORRECT ANSWER Effects created within an organism by the application of a stressor." "Sufficient Cause - CORRECT ANSWER A condition that guarantees the occurrence of a disorder." "Superego - CORRECT ANSWER Conscience; ethical or moral dimensions (attitudes) of personality." "Synapse - CORRECT ANSWER Site of communication from the axon of one neuron to the dendrites or cell body of another neuron-- a tiny filled space between neurons." "Role-Playing - CORRECT ANSWER Form of assessment in which a person is instructed to play a part, enabling a clinician to observe a client's behavior directly." "Rorschach Inkblot Test - CORRECT ANSWER Use of 10 inkblot pictures to which a subject responds with associations that come to mind. Analysis of these responses enables a clinician to infer personality characteristics." "Self-Monitoring - CORRECT ANSWER Observing and recording one's own behavior, thoughts, and feelings as they occur in various natural settings." "Sentence Completion Test - CORRECT ANSWER Projective technique utilizing incomplete sentences that a person is to complete, analysis of which enables a clinician infer personality dynamics." "Signs - CORRECT ANSWER Objective observations that suggest to a diagnostician a patient's physical or mental disorder." "Neural Plasticity - CORRECT ANSWER Flexibility in the brain in making changes in organization and function in response to pre- and postnatal experiences, stress, diet, disease, drugs, maturation, and so forth (ability to compensate using unused neurons)." "Mediate - CORRECT ANSWER A mediator (or mediating variables) lies between two other variables and helps explain the relationship between them. You can think of it as being an intermediate variable, hence the name." "Psychosocial Perspectives - CORRECT ANSWER Attempts to understand humans not just as biological organisms but also as people with motives, desires, and perceptions." "What are the three major psychosocial perspectives on human nature and behavior? - CORRECT ANSWER The three major psychosocial perspectives on human nature and behavior are: 1. Psychodynamic 2. Behavioral 3. Cognitive-Behavioral" "What other two perspectives are also included in psychosocial perspectives? - CORRECT ANSWER Also includes two other perspectives: 1. The Humanistic Perspective 2. The Existential Perspective" "Anxiety - CORRECT ANSWER Generalized feelings of fear and apprehension." "Oral Stage (Psychosexual Stages of Development) - CORRECT ANSWER During the first 2 years of life, the mouth is the principal erogenous zone: An infant's greatest source of gratification is sucking, a process that is necessary for feeding." "Anal Stage (Psychosexual Stages of Development) - CORRECT ANSWER From ages 2 to 3, the anus provides the major source of pleasurable stimulation during the time when toilet training is often going on and there are urges both for retention and for elimination." "Phallic Stage (Psychosexual Stages of Development) - CORRECT ANSWER From ages 3 to 5 or 6, self-manipulation of the genitals provides the major source of pleasurable sensation." "Latency Stage (Psychosexual Stages of Development) - CORRECT ANSWER From ages 6 to 12, sexual motivations recede in importance as a child becomes preoccupied with developing skills and other activities." "Genital Stage (Psychosexual Stages of Development) - CORRECT ANSWER After puberty, the deepest feelings of pleasure come from sexual relations." "Displacement (Ego-Defense Mechanisms) - CORRECT ANSWER Discharging pent-up feelings, often of hostility, on objects less dangerous than those arousing the feelings." "Fixation (Ego-Defense Mechanisms) - CORRECT ANSWER Attaching oneself in an unreasonable or exaggerated way to some person, or arresting emotional development on a childhood or adolescent level." "Demonology - CORRECT ANSWER Possessed by demons, especially by the devil." "Where was the first mental hospital built? - CORRECT ANSWER The first mental hospital built in the world was built in Baghdad, Iraq." "Dark Ages Exorcisms - CORRECT ANSWER Get rid of the evil spirits and punish the person who gave refuge to the devil." "Renaissance - CORRECT ANSWER Period of humanism (people are inherently good)." "Why were asylums built? - CORRECT ANSWER Asylums were built to protect people to house them in a safe place until we find scientific reasoning behind their behavior; put them in coffins with their head sticking out, put balls and chains on them, etc." "Gheel Shrine (in Belgium) - CORRECT ANSWER Families took in mentally disturbed people, gave them freedom, responsibility, care, love, kindness, meaningful work, time for leisure (moral therapy)." "Where did the Reform Movement begin? - CORRECT ANSWER The Reform Movement began in France." "Theory - CORRECT ANSWER An explanation based on looking at the data." "Eclectic - CORRECT ANSWER Try to use all the theories." "What is the advantage of theories? - CORRECT ANSWER Theories are useful, because it helps us focus and narrow down the info in a meaningful way (advantage)." "What is the disadvantage of theories? - CORRECT ANSWER You might miss out on things from being so focused on one thing (disadvantage)." "Biological Theory - CORRECT ANSWER Abnormal behavior is caused by faulty biology (anatomy and physiology) explains abnormal behavior; chemical problems (physiology); faulty genetics; faulty brain structures (anatomy)." "Psychodynamic Theory - CORRECT ANSWER Abnormal behavior is caused by the result of unresolved unconscious conflict; affects our present behavior through repressed memories, unconscious, and childhood." "Cognitive Theory - CORRECT ANSWER Abnormal behavior is caused by the result of misperceiving reality (faulty of perception and thinking); thinking of what happened is different; how we think ultimately affects how we feel which ultimately affects how we behave." "Learning/Behavioral Theory - CORRECT ANSWER Abnormal behavior is cause by what we do is what we do in order to get the reinforcement (faulty reinforcement) and good feeling; anything that gives you something positive; faulty reinforcement (reinforced for the wrong behavior)." "Humanistic Theory - CORRECT ANSWER Abnormal behavior is caused by the result of low self-esteem and "wrong choices" (self-destructive; things that will destroy good nature) via (as a result of the) freewill; disbelief in inherent worth and value; insufficient/low self-esteem." "Socio-Cultural Theory - CORRECT ANSWER Abnormal behavior is caused by environmental and cultural stressors." "Chicken and Egg Problem - CORRECT ANSWER Are the brain abnormalities wired in or experienced by an event that changes the behavior?" "Gestalt - CORRECT ANSWER Overall picture of the whole situation." "Freudian Slip - CORRECT ANSWER Saying something unintentionally that you weren't aware you were thinking (e.g., "You look ghastly!...I mean gorgeous. Why did I say that?")." "In what order do nerves, tracks, neurons, and the nervous system go? - CORRECT ANSWER Neurons - Nerves - Tracks - Nervous System" "Central Nervous System - CORRECT ANSWER Right down the center of the body (middle); higher level of thinking; sensory, processing, and motor neurons; brain only has the processing neurons." "Afferent (Sensory) Neurons - CORRECT ANSWER Input neurons (in); sensory organs: skin, eyes, ears, nose, and mouth." "Inter (Processing) Neurons - CORRECT ANSWER Processing neurons; not sensory; brain only has the processing neurons." "Efferent (Motor) Neurons - CORRECT ANSWER Output neurons (out); response." "Peripheral Nervous System - CORRECT ANSWER Everything around (surrounding) the central (middle); has the sympathetic and parasympathetic." "What is the fatty tissue on an axon called? - CORRECT ANSWER The fatty tissue on an axon is called the myelinated (myelin) sheath." "What does not travel through the neuron? - CORRECT ANSWER Neurotransmitters (chemicals) do not travel through the neuron." "What travels through the neuron? - CORRECT ANSWER Electrical impulses travel through the neuron." "What are electrical impulses formed by? - CORRECT ANSWER Electrical impulses are formed by positive and negative ions." "Cell Body - CORRECT ANSWER Where the metabolism happens; maintenance of the cell." "What do fatty acids allow impulses to do? - CORRECT ANSWER Fatty acids allow impulses to go through the neuron faster by jumping from node to node." "What are fatty acids? - CORRECT ANSWER Fatty acids are insulin, so it keeps the impulse insulated and going in the right direction." "What are on the dendrites? - CORRECT ANSWER On the dendrites, there are receptor sites with different shapes waiting for a piece (shape) to fit it." "What are on terminal branches? - CORRECT ANSWER On terminal branches, there are terminal buttons (different shapes) which are neurotransmitters (chemicals)." "What happens when an electrical impulse comes through a neuron? - CORRECT ANSWER When an electrical impulse comes through a neuron, the neurotransmitters are released; "the neuron has fired"; all or nothing (either all chemicals are released or none are)." "What happens where the neuron fires? - CORRECT ANSWER When the neuron fires, the space where exchange is going to happen (synapse), we like to see the chemical to find its right spot on the dendrite and give a behavioral response." "What happens if a chemical does not find its right spot? - CORRECT ANSWER If the chemical is not attached to anything and does not find its right spot, it dissipates." "What does the presynaptic neuron try to do when a chemical cannot find its right spot? - CORRECT ANSWER The presynaptic neuron (the one who releases the neurotransmitters/pre-synapse) tries to pull back neurotransmitter (called reuptake), and so it doesn't go to the postsynaptic neuron." "What alters the synapse? - CORRECT ANSWER Any drug therapy or illicit drug alters the synapse to create or prevent more chemicals, or blocks it." "What was Hippocrates' belief? - CORRECT ANSWER Hippocrates' belief was that mental disease was the result of natural causes and brain pathology was revolutionary for its time." "Avicenna (980-1037: The Middle Ages) - CORRECT ANSWER An ancient Persian physician who promoted principles of humane treatment for the mentally disturbed at a time when Western approaches to mental illness were inhumane." "Hildegard (: The Middle Ages) - CORRECT ANSWER A remarkable woman, known as the "Sybil of the Rhine," who used curative powers of natural objects for healing and wrote treatises about natural history and medicinal uses of plants." "Paracelsus (: The Sixteenth Through The Eighteenth Centuries) - CORRECT ANSWER A Swiss physician who rejected demonology as a cause of abnormal behavior. Paracelsus believed in psychic causes of mental illness." "Teresa of Avila (: The Sixteenth Through The Eighteenth Centuries) - CORRECT ANSWER A Spanish nun, since canonized, who argued that mental disorder was an illness of the mind." "Johann Weyer (: The Sixteenth Through The Eighteenth Centuries) - CORRECT ANSWER A German physician who argued against demonology and was ostracized by his peers and the Church for his progressive views." "Robert Burton (: The Sixteenth Through The Eighteenth Centuries) - CORRECT ANSWER An Oxford scholar who wrote a classic, influential treatise on depression, "The Anatomy of Melancholia," in 1621." "William Tuke (: The Sixteenth Through The Eighteenth Centuries) - CORRECT ANSWER An English Quaker who established the York Retreat, where mental patients lived in humane surroundings; structure in countryside of England where patients can roam freely and be in touch with nature." "Philippe Pinel (: The Sixteenth Through The Eighteenth Centuries) - CORRECT ANSWER A French physician who pioneered the use of moral management in La Bicetre and La Salpetriere hospitals in France, where mental patients were treated in a humane way; disturbed by treatment mentally ill people receive and freed them from chains (restrictions) in asylums; built a classification system in which he differentiates one from another, dangerous from least to greatest." "Benjamin Rush (: The Sixteenth Through The Eighteenth Centuries) - CORRECT ANSWER An American physician and the founder of American psychiatry, who used moral management, based on Pinel's humanitarian methods, to treat the mentally disturbed; develops a systematic thesis on mental disorders and made a curriculum to teach about mental disorders." "Dorothea Dix (: The Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries) - CORRECT ANSWER An American teacher who founded the mental hygiene movement in the United States, which focused on the physical well-being of mental patients in hospitals; upper-class Sunday school teacher who pushed for the building of state of the art mental hospitals; moral therapy was de-emphasized; hospitals became enormous, overcrowded, filthy; hospitals shut down; was credited with 32 mental hospitals in the US." "Clifford Beers (: The Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries) - CORRECT ANSWER An American who campaigned to change public attitudes toward mental patients after his own experiences in mental institutions; writes a book on his experience and the procedures used in mental asylums; autobiography; hospitalization." "Franz Anton Mesmer (: The Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries) - CORRECT ANSWER An Austrian physician who conducted early investigations into hypnosis as a medical treatment." "Emil Kraeplin (: The Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries) - CORRECT ANSWER A German psychiatrist who developed the first diagnostic system." "Sigmund Freud (: The Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries) - CORRECT ANSWER The founder of the school of psychological therapy known as psychoanalysis." "Wilhelm Wundt (: The Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries) - CORRECT ANSWER A German scientist who established the first experimental psychology laboratory in 1879 and subsequently influenced the empirical study of abnormal behavior." "J. McKeen Cattell (: The Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries) - CORRECT ANSWER An American psychologist who adopted Wundt's methods and studied individual differences in mental processing." "Lightner Witmer (: The Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries) - CORRECT ANSWER An American psychologist who established the first psychological clinic in the United States, focusing on problems of mentally deficient children. He also founded the journal, "The Psychological Clinic," in 1907." "William Healy (: The Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries) - CORRECT ANSWER An American psychologist who established the Chicago Juvenile Psychopathic Institute and advanced the idea that mental illness was due to environmental, or sociocultural, factors." "Ivan Pavlov (: The Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries) - CORRECT ANSWER A Russian physiologist who published classical studies in the psychology of learning." "John B. Watson (: The Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries) - CORRECT ANSWER An American psychologist who conducted early research into learning principles and came to be known as the father of behaviorism." "B. F. Skinner (: The Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries) - CORRECT ANSWER An American learning theorist who developed the school of learning known as operant conditioning and was influential in incorporating behavioral principles into inflencing behavioral change." "Anna Freud () - CORRECT ANSWER Studied the important role of the ego in normal and abnormal development and elaborated the theory of ego-defense reactions." "Margaret Mahler () - CORRECT ANSWER Elaborated the object-relations approach, which many see as the main focus of contemporary psychoanalysis." "Erich Fromm () - CORRECT ANSWER Focused on the orientations that people adopt in their interactions with others. He believed that these basic orientations to the social environment were the bases of much psychopathology." "Erik Erikson () - CORRECT ANSWER Elaborated and broadened Freud's psychosexual stages into more socially oriented concepts. Erikson described conflicts that occurred at eight stages, each of which could be resolved in a healthy or unhealthy way." "Albert Bandura (b. 1925) - CORRECT ANSWER Stressed that people learn more by internal than external reinforcement. They can visualize the consequences of their actions rather than rely exclusively on environmental reinforcements." "Aaron Beck (b. 1921) - CORRECT ANSWER Pioneered the development of cognitive theories of depression, anxiety, and personality disorders. He also developed highly effective cognitive-behavioral treatments for these disorders." "David Wechsler () - CORRECT ANSWER Served in the military, testing army recruits during World War I. He came to believe that the ways in which psychologists viewed and measured "intelligence" was inadequate. In 1934 he began construction of the most widely used adult intelligence test battery, the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), which set the standard for practical measurement of intelligence." "Starke R. Hathaway () - CORRECT ANSWER Clinical psychologist who was a pioneer in physiological psychology and personality assessment. In 1940, he and J. C. McKinley published the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) for evaluating symptoms and behavior of psychiatric and medical patients. The MMPI became the most widely used personality assessment instrument in us, and its revised version (MMPI-2) is the most frequently used personality measure today." "J. C. McKinley () - CORRECT ANSWER A neuropsychiatrist at the University of Minnesota Hospital, coauthored the MMPI with Starke Hathaway and conducted research on the MMPI with both medical and psychiatric populations." “What are the four features used to identify a psychological abnormality? - CORRECT ANSWER Deviance, Distress, Dysfunction, Danger" "What are the key elements of the Correlational Research Method? - CORRECT ANSWER it can be used to identify a relationship between two different observations results indication magnitude and direction of two variables researchers measure their variables, observe many participants, apply statistical analysis, and can easily repeat Correlational studies" "What are the three primary methods that psychologists use in clinical studies and which one has the strongest scientific design? - CORRECT ANSWER Case Study, Correlational Method, Experimental Method the Experimental Method" "What are the key elements of the Experimental Research Method? - CORRECT ANSWER the presence of an independent variable and dependent variable attempted elimination of confounding variables through the inclusion of a control group, random assignment, and blind design" "What are the key elements of the Case Study Research Method? - CORRECT ANSWER includes detailed descriptions of a person's life and problems describes a person's history, present circumstances, and symptoms speculates on reasons the problem developed outlines and describes treatment" "What are the limitations of the Case Study? - CORRECT ANSWER biased observers, subjective evidence, little basis for generalization" "How are Case Studies helpful? - CORRECT ANSWER they provide tentative support for therapy, serve to challenge a theory's assumptions, demonstrate the value of new therapeutic techniques, and offer opportunities to study unusual problems" "What are the merits of the Correlational Research Methods? - CORRECT ANSWER correlations may be generalized beyond the individuals studied research is easily repeatable knowing that there is a correlation may enable clinicians to take life savings measures or recognize problematic signs" "What are the merits of the Experimental Method of Research? - CORRECT ANSWER it provides generalized information, causal information, statistical analysis, and it is replicable" "What is the Rosenthal Effect? - CORRECT ANSWER an experimenter's reactions during the experiment affects the reaction of the participant, which impacts the results of the experiment" "What are the limits of Clinical Investigations? - CORRECT ANSWER there is no research approach that overcomes all the problems in studying human behavior there are concerns surrounding the protection of humans who participated in the studies there are concerns regarding the ethical treatment of animals" "What rights does the Institutional Review Board protect for participants? - CORRECT ANSWER participation must be voluntary participants must be adequately informed about what the study entails participants can terminate participation at any time the study's benefits outweigh costs/risks participants are protected from physical and psychological harm participants have access to information about the study participants' privacy is protected by principles such as confidentiality or annonymity" "What are the six models of abnormality? - CORRECT ANSWER biological model psychodynamic model behavioral model cognitive model humanistic-existential model sociocultural model to include family-social multicultural perspectives" "How do biological theorists explain abnormal behavior? - CORRECT ANSWER psychological disorders are related to problems in the transmission of messages from neuron to neuron abnormal behavior is an illness brought about by malfunctioning parts of the organism" "What are some sources of biological abnormalities? - CORRECT ANSWER genetics, evolution, and viral infections" "What are some biological treatments? - CORRECT ANSWER drug therapy, electroconvulsive therapy, and psychosurgery" "What are the pros of the Biological Model? - CORRECT ANSWER respected among scientists produces valuable new information bring patients relief when other approaches have failed" "What are the cons of the Biological Model? - CORRECT ANSWER some of its practitioners can be myopic, which limits rather than expands understanding some biological treatments produce significant undesirable affects" "How does the psychodynamic model explain normal and abnormal functioning? - CORRECT ANSWER psychological abnormalities can be explained by conflicts between underlying forces that the patient has no awareness of these conflicts are tied to early relationships and traumatic experiences that occurred during childhood" "How did Freud explain normal and abnormal functioning? - CORRECT ANSWER he explained abnormality as being stuck or fixed at an early stage of development which limits the maturity of Id, ego, and superego" "How do other psychodynamic explanations different from Freud's? - CORRECT ANSWER Ego theorists emphasize the role of the ego and consider it a more independent force than Freud did Self theorists emphasize the role of the self or unified personality; the basic human motive is to strengthen the wholeness of the self object relationship theorists propose that people are motivated mainly by a need to have relationships with others" "What three phenomenon are important to a psychodynamic interpretation of abnormal behavior? - CORRECT ANSWER resistance, transference, and dreams" "Describe short-term psychodynamic therapy - CORRECT ANSWER a therapy in which patients choose a dynamic focus; they only work on this issue and the issues related to treating it" "What is the key principle of relational psychoanalytic therapy? - CORRECT ANSWER therapists should also disclose things about themselves to try to establish a more equal relationship with patients" "What are the drawbacks of the psychodynamic model? - CORRECT ANSWER there is no way to tell if processes such as id drive, ego defenses, and fixation are occurring because they operate on the unconscious level; psychodynamic treatments receive little research support because measuring results is difficult" "What key elements make-up the behavioral model? - CORRECT ANSWER explanations and treatments are based on the principles of learning and the process by which these change based on the environment" "How do behaviorists explain abnormal functioning? - CORRECT ANSWER operant conditioning, modeling, or classical conditioning produces abnormal behavior" "What is the behavioral approach to therapy? - CORRECT ANSWER 1. identify unwanted behaviors 2. replace these with more appropriate ones by applying principles of classical conditioning, operant conditioning, or modeling" "What category of treatment does systematic desensitization fall under? - CORRECT ANSWER Classical Conditioning" "What is the primary strength of the Behavioral Model? - CORRECT ANSWER the basic concept of stimulus, response, and reward can be measured" "What are some weaknesses of the Behavioral Model? - CORRECT ANSWER difficult to tell if the symptoms that researchers are able to produce in the lab normally acquired through conditioning; improvements from therapies based on the behavioral model do not extended beyond the therapists office, nor do they last without continued therapy" "How do cognitive therapists explain abnormal functioning? - CORRECT ANSWER abnormal functioning can result from cognitive problems stemming from distorted or disturbing assumptions that lead to particular attitudes additional sources of abnormal functioning include illogical thinking processes and overgeneralization" "How do cognitive therapists help clients overcome their problems? - CORRECT ANSWER therapists help them develop new, more functional ways of thinking by helping clients recognize dysfunctional thoughts then helping them to develop new interpretations" "What are some strength of the cognitive model? - CORRECT ANSWER 1. It focuses on a process unique to humans 2. results and claims regarding though processes can be measured; it lends itself to research 3. when paired with behavioral therapies, it has proved effective for treating many abnormalities" "What are some weaknesses of the cognitive model? - CORRECT ANSWER 1. the cognitions seen in psychologically troubles people could well be the result rather than the cause of their challenges 2. cognitive therapies do not help everyone 3. it only addresses one part of human functioning and not the person as a whole" "What is Acceptance and Commitment Therapy? - CORRECT ANSWER A type of cognitive therapy that helps clients to accept many of their problematic thoughts rather than judge them, act on them, or try fruitlessly to change them" "What are mindfulness-based techniques? - CORRECT ANSWER techniques that utilize meditation to teach individuals to pay attention (in a non-judgmental way) to the thoughts and feelings flowing through their minds" "How do Humanistic-Existential Models explain abnormal functioning? - CORRECT ANSWER through a focus on the broader dimensions of human experience" "What is the difference between humanist and the existential models? - CORRECT ANSWER Humanists believe that humans are born with a natural tendency to be friendly, cooperative, and constructive but they need to self-actualize by honestly recognizing and accepting their weaknesses, their strengths and establishing values by which to live; Existentialists agree that human beings must have an accurate awareness of themselves and live authentic lives in order to be well-adjusted, but they do not believe that people are positively inclined" "Who is the pioneer of Client Centered Therapy? - CORRECT ANSWER Carl Rogers" "Under what model does Client-Centered therapy fall? - CORRECT ANSWER Humanistic Model" "What is the premise of Carl Roger's client-centered therapy? - CORRECT ANSWER we all have a basic need to receive positive regard from important people in our lives" "How does Carl Rogers explain abnormal functioning? - CORRECT ANSWER those who do not received positive regard from the important people in their lives develop conditions of worth that lead to a distorted view of oneself and ones' experiences" "How does Carl Rogers' client-centered therapy treat abnormal functioning? - CORRECT ANSWER the therapist displays unconditional positive regard, accurate empathy, and genuineness to help move the client toward greater self-awareness" "How do Gestalt therapists treat abnormal psychological functioning? - CORRECT ANSWER they challenge and frustrate theorists clients with the goal of guiding them towards self recognition and self acceptance" "what is skillful frustration? - CORRECT ANSWER a technique in which Gestalt therapists refuse to meet their clients' expectations or demands" "which type of therapists use role-playing to treat abnormal psychological functioning? - CORRECT ANSWER Gestalt Therapists" "What are the limitations of Gestalt Therapy? - CORRECT ANSWER controlled research has not been conducted on this approach, so there is no way to measure it's effectiveness" "What are some things that seem to correlate with psychological health? - CORRECT ANSWER political conservatism, lack of shame, peacefulness, extroversion, spirituality," "How do existential therapists explain abnormal psychological functioning? - CORRECT ANSWER people become overwhelmed by society and overlook their freedom of choice, which leads them to avoid responsibility for their decisions; they feel frustration, boredom, alienation, and depression" "How does existential therapists treat abnormal functioning? - CORRECT ANSWER they help clients recognize their freedom of choice and place great emphasis on the relationship between the therapist and client" "What are the limitations of existential therapy? - CORRECT ANSWER therapists do not conduct research because they believe that it dehumanizes individuals; therefore, there is no evidence that existential therapy is effective" "What are some benefits of the humanistic-existential model? - CORRECT ANSWER the emphasis on self-acceptance, personal values, personal meaning, and personal choice the optimistic tone and application of positive psychology emphasis on having choice" "What are some limitations of the humanistic-existential model? - CORRECT ANSWER it is difficult to research and measure these approaches in fact, many practitioners reject empirical approaches" "How does the Sociocultural model explain abnormal functioning? - CORRECT ANSWER family relationships, social interactions, community events, and other societal forces act on an individual and can lead to abnormal behavior" "What are the three main factors that Sociocultural models are concerned with? - CORRECT ANSWER social labels and roles, social networks, family structure and communication" "What is disengagement? - CORRECT ANSWER very rigid boundaries between family members" "How does the Sociocultural Model treat abnormal psychology? - CORRECT ANSWER by treating clients in settings within which the abnormal functioning emerged such as during group therapy, family therapy, couple therapy, and community treatment" "What is structural family therapy? - CORRECT ANSWER therapy in which therapists attempt to change the family power structure, the roles each person plays, and the relationship between members" "What is conjoint family therapy? - CORRECT ANSWER therapists try to help members recognize and change harmful patterns of communication" "What is cognitive-behavioral couple therapy? - CORRECT ANSWER therapists help spouses recognize and change problem behaviors by teaching specific problem-solving and communication skills" "integrative couple therapy - CORRECT ANSWER helps partners accept behaviors they cannot change and embrace the whole relationship" "Explain primary, secondary, and tertiary preventions for community treatment. - CORRECT ANSWER primary prevention seeks to improve community attitudes and policies with the goal of preventing psychological disorders altogether; secondary prevention seems to identify and treat psychological disorders early tertiary prevention consists of providing treatment as soon as it is needed to avoid long-term problems" "How does the multicultural model explain abnormal functioning? - CORRECT ANSWER an individual's behavior is best understood when examined in the light of that individual's unique cultural context to include cultural values and external pressures from other members of that culture" "How does the Multicultural Model propose to treat abnormal behavior? - CORRECT ANSWER therapists should focus on being more sensitive to cultural issues by including more cultural morals and models in treatment" "What are the benefits of the Sociocultural model? - CORRECT ANSWER increased clinicians awareness and use of Sociocultural factors for assessments and treatments; the treatment approaches of the Sociocultural model sometimes succeed where others fail" "What are problems with the sociocultural model? - CORRECT ANSWER research findings are difficult to interpret research findings do not always determine causation it is unable to predict abnormality in specific individuals consistently" "What is the biopsychosocial theory? - CORRECT ANSWER posits that abnormality results from the interaction of genetic, biological, development, emotional, behavioral, cognitive, social, cultural, and societal influences" "What is the diathesis-stress explanation of how various factors work together to cause abnormal functioning? - CORRECT ANSWER people must first have a biological, psychological, or Sociocultural predisposition to develop a disorders and then must be subjected to extreme stress" "What is consistency? - CORRECT ANSWER yielding similar or the exact same results" "interrater reliability - CORRECT ANSWER judges independently agree on how to relate and interpret an assessment" "face validity - CORRECT ANSWER a given assessment tool may appear to be valid simply because it makes sense and seems reasonable" "predictive validity - CORRECT ANSWER a tool's ability to predict future characteristics or behavior" "concurrent validity - CORRECT ANSWER the degree to which the measures gathered from one tool agree with the measures gathered from other assessments techniques" "unstructured interview - CORRECT ANSWER involves asking open-ended questions" "structured interview - CORRECT ANSWER consists of prepared specific questions" "interview schedule - CORRECT ANSWER a standard set of questions designed for all interviews" "What are the limitations of Clinical interviews? - CORRECT ANSWER individuals may intentionally mislead the interviewer in order to present themselves in a positive light they sometimes lack validity or accuracy the interviewee may be unable to give an accurate report in their interview interviewer biases can lead to mistakes unstructured interviews may lack reliability different clinicians can obtain different answers and different conclusions" "What are the six most frequently used clinical tests? - CORRECT ANSWER projective, personality inventories, response inventories, psychophysiological, neurological and neuropsychological, and intelligence" "What is the Rorschach test? - CORRECT ANSWER clinicians present an in blot picture to respondents, ask them what they see, and record their response" "What is the thematic apperception test? - CORRECT ANSWER people are shown a set of 30 cards with vague stimuli and asked to come-up with a story for each one; the stories are thought to reflect the person's own circumstances, needs, and emotions" "What is the sentence completion test? - CORRECT ANSWER the respondents completes sentences, which provides the therapists a springboard for topics if discussion" "What is the draw a person (DAP) test? - CORRECT ANSWER individuals are told to draw a person, then to draw a person of the opposite sex" "What are the merits of projective tests? - CORRECT ANSWER used to assess personality provide supplementary insights" "What are the issues with projective tests? - CORRECT ANSWER they lack reliability and validity they are considered biased against certain ethnic groups" "What is the Minnesota Multiphastic Personality Inventory (MMPI)? - CORRECT ANSWER a personality inventory consisting of more than 500 questions (answered true, false or cannot say) that make up 10 clinical scales (scored from 0-120) with scores over 70 considered deviant; it produces an overall picture with a clear pattern" "What are the merits if the personality inventories? - CORRECT ANSWER they are computerized so administration time is greatly reduced they are objectively scored they are standardized; scores can be compared have test reliability" "What is an effective inventory? - CORRECT ANSWER a test that measures the severity of such emotions as anxiety, depression, and anger" "What is a social-skill inventory? - CORRECT ANSWER a test in which respondents indicate how they would act in a variety of social situations" "What is a cognitive inventory? - CORRECT ANSWER measures a person's typical thoughts and assumptions, which can help undercover counterproductive patterns of thinking" "What is a galvanic skin response? - CORRECT ANSWER increased in heart rate, body temperature, blood pressure, skin reactions, and muscle contractions in response to an outside stimulus" "What does the fMRI do? - CORRECT ANSWER converts MRI pictures of the brain structures into detailed pictures of neuron activity, thus offering a picture of the functioning brain" "What is a PET? - CORRECT ANSWER a computer-produced motion picture of chemical activity throughout the brain" "What is a CAT scan? - CORRECT ANSWER x-rays are taken at different angles and combine" "What is the Bender-Visual-Motor Gestalt Test? - CORRECT ANSWER patients copy the designs from nine different shapes onto a piece of paper and later try to recall these shapes" "What is a battery? - CORRECT ANSWER a series of neuropsychology tests which target specific skill areas" "What are participant-observers? - CORRECT ANSWER key people in a person's environment who note behaviors and report back to the therapist" "What is observer drift? - CORRECT ANSWER a steady decline in accuracy as a result of fatigue or of gradual unintentional change in the standards used when observation continues for a long period of time" "What is cross-sectional validity? - CORRECT ANSWER because behavior can be specific to a setting or situation, observation in one setting may not apply to another" "What are the five general categories of anxiety disorders? - CORRECT ANSWER generalized anxiety disorders (GAD), phobias, social anxiety disorders, panic disorders, separation anxiety disorder" "What are the three categories of depressive disorders? - CORRECT ANSWER major depressive disorders, persistent depressive disorders, premenstrual dysphoric disorder" "What is idiographic data? - CORRECT ANSWER specific details and background of an individual" "What is a specific phobias? - CORRECT ANSWER a person has a persistent and irrational fear of a particular object, activity, or situation" "Case Study Method - CORRECT ANSWER An in-depth examination of an individual or family that draws from a number of data sources, including interviews and psychological testing." "Chronic - CORRECT ANSWER Term used to describe a long-standing or frequently recurring disorder, often with progressing seriousness (long in duration)." "Comorbidity - CORRECT ANSWER Occurrence of two or more identified disorders in the same psychologically disordered individual." "Comparison or Control Group - CORRECT ANSWER Group of subjects who do not exhibit the disorder being studied but who are comparable in all other respects to the criterion group. Also, a comparison group of subjects who do not receive a condition or treatment the effects of which are being studied." "Correlation - CORRECT ANSWER The tendency of two variables to change together. With positive correlation, as one variable goes up, so does the other; with negative correlation, one variable goes up as the other goes down." "Correlational Method/Correlational Research - CORRECT ANSWER A research strategy that examines whether and how variables go together (covary) without manipulating (changing) any variables." "Correlation Coefficient - CORRECT ANSWER A statistic that ranges from +1.0 to -1.0 and reflects the degree of association between two variables. The magnitude of the correlation indicates the strength of the association, and the sign indicates whether the correlation is positive or negative." "Criterion Group - CORRECT ANSWER Group of subjects who exhibit the disorder under study." "Dependent Variable - CORRECT ANSWER In an experiment, the factor that is observed to change with changes in the manipulated (independent) variables." "Direct Observation - CORRECT ANSWER Method of collecting research data that involves directly observing behavior in a given situation." "Direction of Effect Problem - CORRECT ANSWER Refers to the fact that, in correlational research, it cannot be concluded whether variable A causes variable B or whether variable B causes variable A." "Double-Blind Study - CORRECT ANSWER Often used in studies examining drug treatment effects, a condition where neither the subject nor the experimenter has knowledge about what specific experimental condition (or drug) the subject is receiving." "Effect Size - CORRECT ANSWER A statistical term referring to the strength of the relationship between two variables in a statistical population." "Epidemiology - CORRECT ANSWER Study of the distribution of diseases, disorders, or health-related behaviors in a given population. Mental health epidemiology is the study of the distribution of mental disorders." "Etiology - CORRECT ANSWER Factors that are related to the development (or cause) of a particular disease." "Experimental Research - CORRECT ANSWER Research that involves the manipulation of a given factor or variable with everything else held constant." "Independent Variable - CORRECT ANSWER Factors whose effects are being examined and which is manipulated in some way, while other variables are held constant." "Internal Validity - CORRECT ANSWER The extent to which a study is free of confounds, is methodologically sound, and allows the researcher to have confidence in the findings." "Labeling - CORRECT ANSWER Assigning a person to a particular diagnostic category, such as schizophrenia." "Lifetime Prevalence - CORRECT ANSWER The proportion of living persons in a population who have ever had a disorder up to the time of the epidemiological assessment." "Longitudinal Design - CORRECT ANSWER A research design in which people are followed over time." "Meta-Analysis - CORRECT ANSWER A statistical method used to combine the results of a number of similar research studies. The data from each study are transformed into a common metric called the effect size. This allows the data from the various studies to be combined and then analyzed. You can think of a meta-analysis as being like research that you are already familiar with, except that the "participants" are individual research studies, not individual people." "Negative Correlation - CORRECT ANSWER A relationship between two variables such that a high score on one variable is associated with a low score on another variable." "Nomenclature - CORRECT ANSWER A formalized naming system." "1-Year Prevalence - CORRECT ANSWER The total number of cases of a health-related state or condition in a population for a given year." "Placebo Treatment - CORRECT ANSWER An inert pill or otherwise neutral intervention that produces desirable therapeutic effects because of the subject's expectations that it will be beneficial." "Point Prevalence - CORRECT ANSWER The number of cases of a specific condition or disorder that can be found in a population at one given point in time." "Positive Correlation - CORRECT ANSWER A relationship between two variables such that a high score on one variable is associated with a high score on another variable." "Prevalence - CORRECT ANSWER In a population, the proportion of active cases of a disorder that can be identified at a given point in time or during a given period." "Prospective Research - CORRECT ANSWER Method that often focuses on individuals who have a higher-than-average likelihood of becoming psychologically disordered before abnormal behavior is observed." "Random Assignment - CORRECT ANSWER A procedure used to create equivalent groups in which every research participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any group in the study." "Retrospective Research - CORRECT ANSWER Research approach that attempts to retrace earlier events in the life of a subject." "Sampling - CORRECT ANSWER The process of selecting a representative subgroup from a defined population of interest." "Self-Report Data - CORRECT ANSWER Data collected directly from participants, typically by means of interviews or questionnaires." "Single-Case Research Design - CORRECT ANSWER An experimental research design (e.g., an ABAB design) that involves only one subject." "Classical Conditioning - CORRECT ANSWER A basic form of learning in which a neutral stimulus is paired repeatedly with an unconditioned stimulus (US) that naturally elicits an unconditioned response (UR). After repeated pairings, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) that elicits a conditioned response (CR)." "Deinstitutionalization - CORRECT ANSWER Movement to close mental hospitals and treat people with severe mental disorder in the community." "Dream Analysis - CORRECT ANSWER Method involving the recording, description, and interpretation of a patient's dreams." "Exorcism - CORRECT ANSWER Religiously inspired treatment procedure designed to drive out evil spirits or forces from a "possessed" person." "Free Association - CORRECT ANSWER Method for probing the unconscious by having patients talk freely about themselves, their feelings, and their motives." "Insanity - CORRECT ANSWER Legal term for mental disorder, implying lack of responsibility for one's acts and inability to manage one's affairs." "Lycanthropy - CORRECT ANSWER Delusion of being a wolf." "Mass Madness - CORRECT ANSWER Historically, widespread occurrence of group behavior disorders that were apparently cases of hysteria; a whole group of people panic/get scared and develop psychological symptoms as a result." "Mental Hygiene Movement - CORRECT ANSWER Movement that advocated a method of treatment focused almost exclusively on the physical well-being of hospitalized mental patients." "Mesmerism - CORRECT ANSWER Theory of "animal magnetism" (hypnosis) formulated by Anton Mesmer." "Moral Management - CORRECT ANSWER Wide-ranging method of treatment that focuses on a patient's social, individual, and occupational needs." "Nancy School - CORRECT ANSWER Group of physicians in nineteenth-century Europe who accepted the view that hysteria was a sort of self-hypnosis." "Operant (or Instrumental) Conditioning - CORRECT ANSWER Form of learning in which if a particular response is reinforced, it becomes more likely to be repeated on similar occasions." "Attachment Theory - CORRECT ANSWER Contemporary developmental and psychodynamic theory emphasizing the importance of early experience with attachment relationships in laying the foundation for later functioning throughout life." "Attribution - CORRECT ANSWER Process of assigning causes to things that happen." "Biopsychosocial Viewpoint - CORRECT ANSWER A viewpoint that acknowledges the interacting roles of biological, psychosocial, and sociocultural factors in the origins of psychopathology." "Castration Anxiety - CORRECT ANSWER As postulated by Freud, the anxiety a young boy experiences when he desires his mother while at the same time fearing that his father may harm him by cutting of his penis; this anxiety forces the boy to repress his sexual desire for his mother and his hostility toward his father." "Cognitive-Behavioral Perspective - CORRECT ANSWER A theory of abnormal behavior that focuses on how thoughts and information processing can become distorted and lead to maladaptive emotions and behavior." "Contributory Cause - CORRECT ANSWER A condition that increases the probability of developing a disorder but that is neither necessary nor sufficient for it to occur." "Cortisol - CORRECT ANSWER Human stress hormone released by the cortex of the adrenal glands." "Developmental Psychopathology - CORRECT ANSWER Field of psychology that focuses on determining what is abnormal at any point in the developmental process by comparing and contrasting it with normal and expected changes that occur." "Developmental Systems Approach - CORRECT ANSWER Acknowledgment that genetic activity influences neural activity, which in turn influences behavior, which in turn influences the environment, and that these influences are bidirectional." "Diathesis - CORRECT ANSWER Predisposition or vulnerability to developing a given disorder." "Diathesis-Stress Model - CORRECT ANSWER View of abnormal behavior as the result of stress operating on an individual who has a biological, psychosocial, or sociocultural predisposition to developing a specific disorder." "Discrimination - CORRECT ANSWER Ability to interpret and respond differently to two or more similar stimuli." "Ego - CORRECT ANSWER In psychoanalytic theory, the rational part of the personality that mediates between the demands of the id, the constraints of the superego, and the realities of the external world." "Ego Psychology - CORRECT ANSWER Psychodynamic theory emphasizing the importance of the ego-- the "executive branch of the personality" --in organizing normal personality development." "Ego-Defense Mechanisms - CORRECT ANSWER Psychic mechanisms that discharge or soothe anxiety rather than coping directly with an anxiety-provoking situation; usually unconscious and reality distorting. Also called defense mechanisms." "Electra Complex - CORRECT ANSWER Excessive emotional attachment (love) of a daughter for her father; the female counterpart of the Oedipus complex." "Extinction - CORRECT ANSWER Gradual disappearance of a conditioned response when it is no longer reinforced." "Generalization - CORRECT ANSWER Tendency of a response that has been conditioned to one stimulus to be elicited by other, similar stimuli." "Hikikomori - CORRECT ANSWER A disorder of acute social withdrawal in which young people just remain in their room in their parents' house and refuse social interactions for at least 6 months, but often for many years." "Interpersonal Perspective - CORRECT ANSWER Approach to understanding abnormal behavior that views much of psychopathology as rooted in the unfortunate tendencies we develop while dealing with our interpersonal environments; it thus focuses on our relationships, past and present, with other people." "Intrapsychic Conflict - CORRECT ANSWER Inner mental struggles resulting from the interplay of the id, ego, and superego when the three subsystems are striving for different goals." "Learning - CORRECT ANSWER Modification of behavior as a consequence of experience." "Libido - CORRECT ANSWER In psychoanalytic theory, a term used to describe the instinctual drives of the id; the basic constructive energy of life, primarily sexual in nature." "Linkage Analysis - CORRECT ANSWER Genetic research strategy in which occurrence of a disorder in an extended family is compared with that of a genetic marker for a physical characteristic or biological process that is known to be located on a particular chromosome." "Necessary Cause - CORRECT ANSWER A condition that must exist for a disorder to occur." "Neurotransmitters - CORRECT ANSWER Chemical substances that are released into a synapse by the presynaptic neuron and that transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another." "Object-Relations Theory - CORRECT ANSWER In psychoanalytic theory, this viewpoint focuses on an infant or young child's interactions with "objects" (i.e., real or imagined people), as well as how they make symbolic representations of important people in their lives." "Observational Learning - CORRECT ANSWER Learning through observation alone without directly experiencing an unconditioned stimulus (for classical conditioning) or a reinforcement (for instrumental conditioning)." "Oedipus Complex - CORRECT ANSWER Desire for sexual relations with a parent of opposite sex; specifically, the desire of a boy for his mother, with his father a hated rival." "Pituitary Gland - CORRECT ANSWER Endocrine gland associated with many regulatory functions." "Pleasure Principle - CORRECT ANSWER Demand that an instinctual need be immediately gratified regardless of reality or moral considerations." "Primary Process Thinking - CORRECT ANSWER Gratification of id demands by means of imagery or fantasy without the ability to undertake the realistic actions needed to meet those instinctual demands." "Protective Factors - CORRECT ANSWER Influences that modify a person's response to an environmental stressor, making it less likely that the person will experience the adverse effects of the stressor." "Temperament - CORRECT ANSWER Pattern of emotional and arousal responses and characteristic ways of self-regulation that are considered to be primarily hereditary or constitutional." "Zar - CORRECT ANSWER A person who believes he or she is possessed by a spirit may experience a dissociative episode during which shouting, laughing, singing, or weeping may occur. The person may also show apathy and withdrawal, not eating or working." "Actuarial Procedures - CORRECT ANSWER Methods whereby data about subjects are analyzed by objective procedures or formulas rather than by human judgments." "Aphasia - CORRECT ANSWER Loss or impairment of ability to communicate and understand language symbols-- involving loss of power of expression by speech, writing, or signs, or loss of ability to comprehend written or spoken language-- resulting from brain injury or disease." "Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) - CORRECT ANSWER Objective method of rating clinical symptoms that provides scores on 18 variable (e.g., somatic concern, anxiety, withdrawal, hostility, and bizarre thinking)." "Clinical Diagnosis - CORRECT ANSWER The process through