HLTH 340 REVISION EXAMS 2025/2026 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔spice trade - ✔✔- led to cultural interaction between diverse population (egypt,
greece, roman empire, se asia, china)
- center = alexandria, egypt
✔✔mediterranean spices - ✔✔important in european renaissances:
- mint (lamiaceae)
- carrot (apiaceae)
✔✔indian spices - ✔✔sold to mediterranean via the arab intermediaries
- cinnamon (lauraceae)
- black pepper (piperaceae)
- ginger
✔✔american spices - ✔✔- chili peppers (solanaceae)
- allspice (myrtaceae)
✔✔lamiaceae - ✔✔mint
✔✔apiaceae - ✔✔carrot
✔✔solanaceae - ✔✔nightshade family: chili peppers
✔✔myrtaceae - ✔✔allspice, myrtle, eucalyptus
✔✔lauraceae - ✔✔cinnamon
✔✔piperaceae - ✔✔black pepper, white pepper
✔✔black pepper - ✔✔green peppercorns turn black during fermentation / oxidation
- black = spicy = piperine (no piperine in white pepper)
- makes turmeric bioavailable
✔✔spice - ✔✔dry parts of plant, including roots, leaves, and seeds, that impart a certain
flavor and pungent stimuli; contain marked organoleptic qualities that signal presence of
allelochemicals
✔✔lifespan - ✔✔total years lived
✔✔healthspan - ✔✔years lived healthy and free of disease
, ✔✔mediterranean diet - ✔✔rich in phenolics, PUFAs, nitrites / nitrates from veggies;
high monounsaturated fat, legumes, grain/ cereal/ bread (durum wheat), fruit (grapes),
fish
✔✔inflammation - ✔✔vasodilation of the local blood vessels, increased permeability of
the capillaries, blood clotting at injury site, migration of white blood cells to injury site,
swelling of affected tissue (chronic inflammation → injury of healthy surrounding tissue)
✔✔anthocyanins - ✔✔strongly antioxidant polyphenols in dark red / purple berries
✔✔antioxidant - ✔✔a substance that inhibits oxidation; sources include ascorbic acid
(vit c), glutathione, ubiquinol (coenzyme q), blackberries (anthocyanins), tomatoes
(lycopenes), turmeric (curcumin)
✔✔endogenous antioxidant - ✔✔antioxidants created by our own body to keep the
balance to prevent oxidative stress
✔✔exogenous antioxidant - ✔✔antioxidants obtained from the diet (vit a, c, e); can
offset / reverse some symptoms / effects of diabetes
✔✔oxidative stress - ✔✔represents an imbalance between the production and
manifestation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a biological system's ability to
readily detoxify the reactive intermediates or to repair the resulting damage
✔✔reactive oxygen species (ROS) - ✔✔chemically reactive molecules containing
oxygen, including free radicals and peroxides; highly reactive due to presence of
unpaired valence electrons; form as a natural byproduct of normal metabolism of
oxygen and have important roles in cell signaling and homeostasis
✔✔bioavailibility - ✔✔the proportion of a drug or other substance which enters the
circulation when introduced into the body and so is able to have an active effect (ex.
turmeric and black pepper)
✔✔mineral antioxidant - ✔✔copper, zinc, selenium
✔✔phytochemical antioxidant - ✔✔compounds produced by plants that provide health
benefits to the body
✔✔electron transfer phosphorylation - ✔✔process by which electron flow through
electron transfer drives ATP formation (32 ATP - highest yielding)
✔✔food insecurity - ✔✔consistent lack of food for an active, healthy life
ANSWERS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔spice trade - ✔✔- led to cultural interaction between diverse population (egypt,
greece, roman empire, se asia, china)
- center = alexandria, egypt
✔✔mediterranean spices - ✔✔important in european renaissances:
- mint (lamiaceae)
- carrot (apiaceae)
✔✔indian spices - ✔✔sold to mediterranean via the arab intermediaries
- cinnamon (lauraceae)
- black pepper (piperaceae)
- ginger
✔✔american spices - ✔✔- chili peppers (solanaceae)
- allspice (myrtaceae)
✔✔lamiaceae - ✔✔mint
✔✔apiaceae - ✔✔carrot
✔✔solanaceae - ✔✔nightshade family: chili peppers
✔✔myrtaceae - ✔✔allspice, myrtle, eucalyptus
✔✔lauraceae - ✔✔cinnamon
✔✔piperaceae - ✔✔black pepper, white pepper
✔✔black pepper - ✔✔green peppercorns turn black during fermentation / oxidation
- black = spicy = piperine (no piperine in white pepper)
- makes turmeric bioavailable
✔✔spice - ✔✔dry parts of plant, including roots, leaves, and seeds, that impart a certain
flavor and pungent stimuli; contain marked organoleptic qualities that signal presence of
allelochemicals
✔✔lifespan - ✔✔total years lived
✔✔healthspan - ✔✔years lived healthy and free of disease
, ✔✔mediterranean diet - ✔✔rich in phenolics, PUFAs, nitrites / nitrates from veggies;
high monounsaturated fat, legumes, grain/ cereal/ bread (durum wheat), fruit (grapes),
fish
✔✔inflammation - ✔✔vasodilation of the local blood vessels, increased permeability of
the capillaries, blood clotting at injury site, migration of white blood cells to injury site,
swelling of affected tissue (chronic inflammation → injury of healthy surrounding tissue)
✔✔anthocyanins - ✔✔strongly antioxidant polyphenols in dark red / purple berries
✔✔antioxidant - ✔✔a substance that inhibits oxidation; sources include ascorbic acid
(vit c), glutathione, ubiquinol (coenzyme q), blackberries (anthocyanins), tomatoes
(lycopenes), turmeric (curcumin)
✔✔endogenous antioxidant - ✔✔antioxidants created by our own body to keep the
balance to prevent oxidative stress
✔✔exogenous antioxidant - ✔✔antioxidants obtained from the diet (vit a, c, e); can
offset / reverse some symptoms / effects of diabetes
✔✔oxidative stress - ✔✔represents an imbalance between the production and
manifestation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a biological system's ability to
readily detoxify the reactive intermediates or to repair the resulting damage
✔✔reactive oxygen species (ROS) - ✔✔chemically reactive molecules containing
oxygen, including free radicals and peroxides; highly reactive due to presence of
unpaired valence electrons; form as a natural byproduct of normal metabolism of
oxygen and have important roles in cell signaling and homeostasis
✔✔bioavailibility - ✔✔the proportion of a drug or other substance which enters the
circulation when introduced into the body and so is able to have an active effect (ex.
turmeric and black pepper)
✔✔mineral antioxidant - ✔✔copper, zinc, selenium
✔✔phytochemical antioxidant - ✔✔compounds produced by plants that provide health
benefits to the body
✔✔electron transfer phosphorylation - ✔✔process by which electron flow through
electron transfer drives ATP formation (32 ATP - highest yielding)
✔✔food insecurity - ✔✔consistent lack of food for an active, healthy life
