PHARMACOLOGY FINAL EXAM STUDY
GUIDE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS PASS
GUARANTEED 100% ✅
LPN Scope of Practice for IV Therapy - Answer ✅LPNs can administer IV fluids and medications
depending on state board rules, but typically they cannot start central lines, administer IV push
meds (especially narcotics), or manage blood products or chemo.
Rationale for LPN IV Therapy Scope - Answer ✅LPNs are trained for routine care and
maintenance of IV therapy—not high-risk interventions.
Calculating Drop Factor - Answer ✅Drop factor = how many drops per minute you need to
deliver based on gtt/mL from the tubing.
Drop Factor Formula - Answer ✅Formula: (Volume x Drop factor) ÷ Time (in minutes)
Example of Drop Factor Calculation - Answer ✅Order: 1,000 mL over 8 hrs; Tubing = 15 gtt/mL;
1,000 mL x 15 ÷ 480 min = 31.25 → 31 gtt/min
Common Abbreviations for Medication Administration - Answer ✅BID = Twice daily, TID = Three
times daily, QID = Four times daily, PRN = As needed, AC = Before meals, PC = After meals, HS =
At bedtime, SQ or SC = Subcutaneous, IM = Intramuscular, IV = Intravenous, SL = Sublingual
@2025 Exam Material 1
,Safety Precautions for Phone/Verbal Orders - Answer ✅When receiving verbal or telephone
orders, the nurse must write down the order immediately, read it back (TORB = Telephone
Order Read Back), and ensure it's signed by the provider within 24 hours.
Rationale for Safety Precautions - Answer ✅Verbal orders = highest risk of med errors.
Nursing Actions When a Medication Error Is Made - Answer ✅Check the patient first (assess for
harm), notify the provider, fill out incident report (not in chart!), document facts only.
Rationale for Medication Error Actions - Answer ✅Patient safety is priority. Legal protection
comes second.
Understanding the Purpose of Corticosteroids - Answer ✅Corticosteroids like prednisone
reduce inflammation and suppress the immune response.
Uses of Corticosteroids - Answer ✅Used for asthma, autoimmune disorders, allergic reactions,
and adrenal insufficiency.
Teaching About Salmeterol - Answer ✅Salmeterol is a long-acting beta-agonist (LABA)
bronchodilator for long-term asthma control, not rescue.
Rationale for Salmeterol - Answer ✅It's like a maintenance inhaler — takes time to work.
Corticosteroids Effects - Answer ✅They're powerful but suppress everything — swelling,
redness, pain... AND your body's ability to fight infection.
Monitoring for Corticosteroids - Answer ✅Monitor for hyperglycemia, osteoporosis, infection.
@2025 Exam Material 2
,Corticosteroids and Blood Sugar - Answer ✅Corticosteroids raise glucose.
Corticosteroids Tapering - Answer ✅Don't stop suddenly — taper to prevent adrenal crisis.
Memory Anchor for LPN IV Therapy - Answer ✅LPN = "Low Pressure Nurse" → no pressors,
pushes, or products (blood)
Memory Anchor for Drop Factor - Answer ✅"Vampires Drop Fast" → Volume x drop factor =
numerator. Time is always in minutes.
Memory Anchor for Medication Abbreviations - Answer ✅"BID = Breakfast & Dinner"; "TID =
Think: Triple"; "HS = Hit the Sheets"
Memory Anchor for Safety Precautions - Answer ✅"Hear → Write → Read → Verify" = HWRV
Memory Anchor for Medication Error Actions - Answer ✅"Check → Call → Chart → Confidential
Report"; Use the mnemonic C3R.
Corticosteroids Memory Anchor - Answer ✅"Corticosteroids = Cut Swelling, Cut Immunity";
Picture a firefighter (prednisone) putting out inflammation flames—but also accidentally
flooding the house (body).
Salmeterol - Answer ✅Salmeterol = Slow and Steady; S for SLOW, not a Savior during attack.
Medications for Acute Asthma Attack - Answer ✅Use short-acting beta agonists (SABA) like
albuterol, plus ipratropium, and sometimes systemic steroids like prednisone.
@2025 Exam Material 3
, Albuterol - Answer ✅Albuterol = Ambulance — fast, loud, saves lives.
Furosemide - Answer ✅Furosemide (Lasix) is a loop diuretic used for fluid overload—CHF,
kidney disease, HTN.
Lasix - Answer ✅Lasix = Lasts 6 hours; Makes you lose water and potassium.
Expectorants - Answer ✅Guaifenesin is an expectorant that thins mucus, making it easier to
cough up.
Theophylline - Answer ✅Theophylline is a bronchodilator with a narrow therapeutic range.
Fluticasone - Answer ✅Fluticasone is an inhaled corticosteroid used for long-term asthma
control by reducing airway inflammation.
Rifampin - Answer ✅Rifampin is a key antitubercular drug used in TB treatment that inhibits
bacterial RNA synthesis.
Digoxin - Answer ✅Digoxin increases cardiac output and slows HR—used for heart failure and
atrial fibrillation.
Therapeutic range for Digoxin - Answer ✅Therapeutic range: 0.5-2.0 ng/mL.
Toxicity Risk for Digoxin - Answer ✅Toxicity Risk Increases With: Hypokalemia, Renal
impairment, Verapamil or amiodarone.
S/S of Digoxin Toxicity - Answer ✅S/S of Toxicity: N/V, Blurred vision (yellow halos), Bradycardia.
@2025 Exam Material 4
GUIDE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS PASS
GUARANTEED 100% ✅
LPN Scope of Practice for IV Therapy - Answer ✅LPNs can administer IV fluids and medications
depending on state board rules, but typically they cannot start central lines, administer IV push
meds (especially narcotics), or manage blood products or chemo.
Rationale for LPN IV Therapy Scope - Answer ✅LPNs are trained for routine care and
maintenance of IV therapy—not high-risk interventions.
Calculating Drop Factor - Answer ✅Drop factor = how many drops per minute you need to
deliver based on gtt/mL from the tubing.
Drop Factor Formula - Answer ✅Formula: (Volume x Drop factor) ÷ Time (in minutes)
Example of Drop Factor Calculation - Answer ✅Order: 1,000 mL over 8 hrs; Tubing = 15 gtt/mL;
1,000 mL x 15 ÷ 480 min = 31.25 → 31 gtt/min
Common Abbreviations for Medication Administration - Answer ✅BID = Twice daily, TID = Three
times daily, QID = Four times daily, PRN = As needed, AC = Before meals, PC = After meals, HS =
At bedtime, SQ or SC = Subcutaneous, IM = Intramuscular, IV = Intravenous, SL = Sublingual
@2025 Exam Material 1
,Safety Precautions for Phone/Verbal Orders - Answer ✅When receiving verbal or telephone
orders, the nurse must write down the order immediately, read it back (TORB = Telephone
Order Read Back), and ensure it's signed by the provider within 24 hours.
Rationale for Safety Precautions - Answer ✅Verbal orders = highest risk of med errors.
Nursing Actions When a Medication Error Is Made - Answer ✅Check the patient first (assess for
harm), notify the provider, fill out incident report (not in chart!), document facts only.
Rationale for Medication Error Actions - Answer ✅Patient safety is priority. Legal protection
comes second.
Understanding the Purpose of Corticosteroids - Answer ✅Corticosteroids like prednisone
reduce inflammation and suppress the immune response.
Uses of Corticosteroids - Answer ✅Used for asthma, autoimmune disorders, allergic reactions,
and adrenal insufficiency.
Teaching About Salmeterol - Answer ✅Salmeterol is a long-acting beta-agonist (LABA)
bronchodilator for long-term asthma control, not rescue.
Rationale for Salmeterol - Answer ✅It's like a maintenance inhaler — takes time to work.
Corticosteroids Effects - Answer ✅They're powerful but suppress everything — swelling,
redness, pain... AND your body's ability to fight infection.
Monitoring for Corticosteroids - Answer ✅Monitor for hyperglycemia, osteoporosis, infection.
@2025 Exam Material 2
,Corticosteroids and Blood Sugar - Answer ✅Corticosteroids raise glucose.
Corticosteroids Tapering - Answer ✅Don't stop suddenly — taper to prevent adrenal crisis.
Memory Anchor for LPN IV Therapy - Answer ✅LPN = "Low Pressure Nurse" → no pressors,
pushes, or products (blood)
Memory Anchor for Drop Factor - Answer ✅"Vampires Drop Fast" → Volume x drop factor =
numerator. Time is always in minutes.
Memory Anchor for Medication Abbreviations - Answer ✅"BID = Breakfast & Dinner"; "TID =
Think: Triple"; "HS = Hit the Sheets"
Memory Anchor for Safety Precautions - Answer ✅"Hear → Write → Read → Verify" = HWRV
Memory Anchor for Medication Error Actions - Answer ✅"Check → Call → Chart → Confidential
Report"; Use the mnemonic C3R.
Corticosteroids Memory Anchor - Answer ✅"Corticosteroids = Cut Swelling, Cut Immunity";
Picture a firefighter (prednisone) putting out inflammation flames—but also accidentally
flooding the house (body).
Salmeterol - Answer ✅Salmeterol = Slow and Steady; S for SLOW, not a Savior during attack.
Medications for Acute Asthma Attack - Answer ✅Use short-acting beta agonists (SABA) like
albuterol, plus ipratropium, and sometimes systemic steroids like prednisone.
@2025 Exam Material 3
, Albuterol - Answer ✅Albuterol = Ambulance — fast, loud, saves lives.
Furosemide - Answer ✅Furosemide (Lasix) is a loop diuretic used for fluid overload—CHF,
kidney disease, HTN.
Lasix - Answer ✅Lasix = Lasts 6 hours; Makes you lose water and potassium.
Expectorants - Answer ✅Guaifenesin is an expectorant that thins mucus, making it easier to
cough up.
Theophylline - Answer ✅Theophylline is a bronchodilator with a narrow therapeutic range.
Fluticasone - Answer ✅Fluticasone is an inhaled corticosteroid used for long-term asthma
control by reducing airway inflammation.
Rifampin - Answer ✅Rifampin is a key antitubercular drug used in TB treatment that inhibits
bacterial RNA synthesis.
Digoxin - Answer ✅Digoxin increases cardiac output and slows HR—used for heart failure and
atrial fibrillation.
Therapeutic range for Digoxin - Answer ✅Therapeutic range: 0.5-2.0 ng/mL.
Toxicity Risk for Digoxin - Answer ✅Toxicity Risk Increases With: Hypokalemia, Renal
impairment, Verapamil or amiodarone.
S/S of Digoxin Toxicity - Answer ✅S/S of Toxicity: N/V, Blurred vision (yellow halos), Bradycardia.
@2025 Exam Material 4
