Ch. 1 States of matter Changing state between liquid and solid
The arrangement of the particles:
the particles lose
Heat must Substance cooled
State Solid Liquid Gas be removed from a
energy and start
moving at a lower
down and freezing
substance occurs
Closeness Very close Far apart rate
of particles close
Arrangement Regular Randomly Randomly The temperature at which a substance freezes is Difference between Boiling and
of particles pattern arranged arranged called the freezing point. Evaporation
Movement of Vibrate Move Move Changing state between liquid and gas Boiling Evaporation
particles around around quickly in Quick process Slow process
a fixed each all Heat must
The particles gain
energy and start
Bonds between
particles break and
Bubbles are formed No bubbles are formed
be supplied to a
position other directions substance
moving at a faster
rate
molecules move
apart. Boiling occurs Occurs throughout the Takes place on the
liquid surface of the liquid
Energy of Very Grater Highest
The temperature at which a substance boils is Occurs at a definite Occurs at all
particles low energy energy
called boiling point. temperature ---- boiling temperatures
energy point
2D diagram Changing state between gas and liquid
Source of energy needed Energy is supplied from
Heat must
the particles lose
Substance cooled the surroundings
energy and start
be removed from a
substance
moving at a lower
down and
condensation occurs
Occurs at a definite Occurs at all
rate
temperature ---- boiling temperatures
Interconversion between three states of Sometimes a solid may change directly into a gas – point
matter missing out the liquid stage. This is called Source of energy needed Energy is supplied from
Sublimation. If a gas directly changes to solid – the surroundings
missing out the liquid state then it is called Working Out the Physical State of a
Deposition. Substance at a Particular Temperature P
What is evaporation? The state of a substance at a given temperature
Molecules of a liquid can move randomly because the can be predicted if its melting point and boiling
possess kinetic energy. Their kinetic energies are point are known. The table summarizes how to
different, as some molecules possess high kinetic work this out.
energy and some molecules possess less kinetic If the given temperature is Substance is
energy.
less than the melting point solid
When a molecule with high speed reaches the surface
of liquid it may escape. This spontaneous change of If the given temperature is
Changing state between solid and liquid Substance is
liquid molecules into a vapor phase is termed as between melting and boiling
liquid
evaporation. It takes place at all temperatures. point
Bonds between However, rate of evaporation increases with the If the given temperature is Substance is
The particles gain
Heat must
be supplied to a
energy and start
moving at a higher
particles break and
molecules move increase in temperature. This is due to the reason that greater boiling point gas
substance
rate
apart. Melting
occurs
heat increases the kinetic energy of molecules. Thus In science, we can decide whether a substance is
more molecules can reach to the surface and from a solid, a liquid, or a gas at room temperature by
The temperature at which a substance melts is there they can escape as vapors. looking at where its melting and boiling points are
called the melting point.
in relation to room temperature.
The arrangement of the particles:
the particles lose
Heat must Substance cooled
State Solid Liquid Gas be removed from a
energy and start
moving at a lower
down and freezing
substance occurs
Closeness Very close Far apart rate
of particles close
Arrangement Regular Randomly Randomly The temperature at which a substance freezes is Difference between Boiling and
of particles pattern arranged arranged called the freezing point. Evaporation
Movement of Vibrate Move Move Changing state between liquid and gas Boiling Evaporation
particles around around quickly in Quick process Slow process
a fixed each all Heat must
The particles gain
energy and start
Bonds between
particles break and
Bubbles are formed No bubbles are formed
be supplied to a
position other directions substance
moving at a faster
rate
molecules move
apart. Boiling occurs Occurs throughout the Takes place on the
liquid surface of the liquid
Energy of Very Grater Highest
The temperature at which a substance boils is Occurs at a definite Occurs at all
particles low energy energy
called boiling point. temperature ---- boiling temperatures
energy point
2D diagram Changing state between gas and liquid
Source of energy needed Energy is supplied from
Heat must
the particles lose
Substance cooled the surroundings
energy and start
be removed from a
substance
moving at a lower
down and
condensation occurs
Occurs at a definite Occurs at all
rate
temperature ---- boiling temperatures
Interconversion between three states of Sometimes a solid may change directly into a gas – point
matter missing out the liquid stage. This is called Source of energy needed Energy is supplied from
Sublimation. If a gas directly changes to solid – the surroundings
missing out the liquid state then it is called Working Out the Physical State of a
Deposition. Substance at a Particular Temperature P
What is evaporation? The state of a substance at a given temperature
Molecules of a liquid can move randomly because the can be predicted if its melting point and boiling
possess kinetic energy. Their kinetic energies are point are known. The table summarizes how to
different, as some molecules possess high kinetic work this out.
energy and some molecules possess less kinetic If the given temperature is Substance is
energy.
less than the melting point solid
When a molecule with high speed reaches the surface
of liquid it may escape. This spontaneous change of If the given temperature is
Changing state between solid and liquid Substance is
liquid molecules into a vapor phase is termed as between melting and boiling
liquid
evaporation. It takes place at all temperatures. point
Bonds between However, rate of evaporation increases with the If the given temperature is Substance is
The particles gain
Heat must
be supplied to a
energy and start
moving at a higher
particles break and
molecules move increase in temperature. This is due to the reason that greater boiling point gas
substance
rate
apart. Melting
occurs
heat increases the kinetic energy of molecules. Thus In science, we can decide whether a substance is
more molecules can reach to the surface and from a solid, a liquid, or a gas at room temperature by
The temperature at which a substance melts is there they can escape as vapors. looking at where its melting and boiling points are
called the melting point.
in relation to room temperature.
