Pathophysiology Exam 8 (402) QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS ALREADY GRADED A+
PROFESSOR VERIFIED
1. nephron: functional unit of kidney that processes filtered fluid to make urine
2. glomerular capillaries: specialized capillaries with high hydrostatic pressure
(favors filtration)
3. where does filtrate from glomerular capillaries move to?: Bowman's
capsule - initial portion of nephron
4. what can damage Bowman's capsule?: protein tears holes in it due to large
size (protein should never be in urine)
5. proximal tubule: after Bowman's capsule; reabsorbs majority of filtrate
6. loop of henle: - begins to concentrate filtered fluid- urea
7. distil tubule: absorbs water and sodium under influence of aldosterone
8. collecting ducts: reabsorbs additional water under influence of ADH
9. glomerular filtration rate (GFR): renal blood filtered per unit of time
,10. what is GFR directly related to?: - renal perfusion
- decreased renal perfusion = decrease GFR
11. what factor contributes to GFR reduction?: aging
12. urea: a composite of nitrogenous waste that needs to be excreted (product)
13. azotemia: causes increase in BUN in blood
14. effects of increased BUN: - decreased GFR
- dehydration
- extremely muscular persons
- high protein diet
15. 7 functions of the kidneys: - acid-base balance
- maintain water balance
- keep check on blood pressure/glucose
- electrolyte balance
- waste elimination
- secrete erythropoietin
- vitamin D synthesis and calcium balance
16. acronym for 7 functions of the kidneys: - A WET BED
- acid-base
- water balance
- electrolytes
- toxins
- blood pressure and blood sugar
- erythropoietin
,- vitamin D
17. what stimulates the release of erythropoietin from the kidneys?:
hypoxemia
18. acid-base balance (kidneys): excrete or reabsorb H+ and bicarbonate (HCO3)
as needed
19. waste elimination (kidneys): urea, uric acid, creatinine (Cr), drug metabolites
20. secretory function (kidneys): erythropoietin (EPO) and renin
21. EPO from kidneys: increase RBCs in response to hypoxia
22. renin from kidneys: - response to low BP or perfusion
- activate RAAS
23. vitamin D and calcium balance (kidneys): activates vitamin D, which is
important in Ca absorption
24. glucose homeostasis (kidneys): - renal threshold to reabsorb glucose -
kidneys degrade insulin
- gluceogenesis
25. elevated BG level that causes it to appear in urine: over 180 mg/dL
26. what is creatinine clearance used for?: measure of blood and urine Cr 24
hour urine volume) to assess GFR
27. total amount of Cr in urine = ?: amount filtered at glomerulus
28. what does decreased Cr clearance indicate?: decreased GFR and impaired
renal function
29. serum creatinine level: - best indicator of kidney function
- breakdown product of muscle filtered and excreted by kidney
30. GFR in kidney function: increasing serum Cr indicates decreasing GFR
31. prerenal dysfunction: - decreased blood flow and perfusion to the kidney
, - any condition that directly or indirectly decreases renal perfusion
32. what conditions can decrease renal perfusion?: hypovolemia, heart failure,
shock, etc.
33. prerenal injury results from ___: ischemia
34. what sufficient body function is also needed to maintain glomerular
filtration and urine output?: blood pressure
35. intrarenal dysfunction: actual injury to the kidneys (direct) due to trauma,
infection, or nephrotoxic drugs
36. trauma to kidney examples: - pyelonephritis
- autoimmune condition such as Lupus
37. infection of kidney example: post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
38 nephrotoxic drugs example: - NSAIDS
- ACE inhibitors
- angiotensin-receptor blockers
39. post renal dysfunction: - obstruction of urine outflow from the kidneys
- hydronephrosis
- prostate gland hyperplasia
- kidney stone
40. hydronephrosis: urine back up into the kidney
41. peritoneal dialysis steps: 1. peritoneum filled with a dialysis solution
(dialysate)
2. wastes and extra fluid pulled from blood into abdominal cavity by dialysate
3. after dwell time, solution is drained
42. dwell time: time fluid sits in peritoneal cavity - usually 4 hours
CORRECT ANSWERS ALREADY GRADED A+
PROFESSOR VERIFIED
1. nephron: functional unit of kidney that processes filtered fluid to make urine
2. glomerular capillaries: specialized capillaries with high hydrostatic pressure
(favors filtration)
3. where does filtrate from glomerular capillaries move to?: Bowman's
capsule - initial portion of nephron
4. what can damage Bowman's capsule?: protein tears holes in it due to large
size (protein should never be in urine)
5. proximal tubule: after Bowman's capsule; reabsorbs majority of filtrate
6. loop of henle: - begins to concentrate filtered fluid- urea
7. distil tubule: absorbs water and sodium under influence of aldosterone
8. collecting ducts: reabsorbs additional water under influence of ADH
9. glomerular filtration rate (GFR): renal blood filtered per unit of time
,10. what is GFR directly related to?: - renal perfusion
- decreased renal perfusion = decrease GFR
11. what factor contributes to GFR reduction?: aging
12. urea: a composite of nitrogenous waste that needs to be excreted (product)
13. azotemia: causes increase in BUN in blood
14. effects of increased BUN: - decreased GFR
- dehydration
- extremely muscular persons
- high protein diet
15. 7 functions of the kidneys: - acid-base balance
- maintain water balance
- keep check on blood pressure/glucose
- electrolyte balance
- waste elimination
- secrete erythropoietin
- vitamin D synthesis and calcium balance
16. acronym for 7 functions of the kidneys: - A WET BED
- acid-base
- water balance
- electrolytes
- toxins
- blood pressure and blood sugar
- erythropoietin
,- vitamin D
17. what stimulates the release of erythropoietin from the kidneys?:
hypoxemia
18. acid-base balance (kidneys): excrete or reabsorb H+ and bicarbonate (HCO3)
as needed
19. waste elimination (kidneys): urea, uric acid, creatinine (Cr), drug metabolites
20. secretory function (kidneys): erythropoietin (EPO) and renin
21. EPO from kidneys: increase RBCs in response to hypoxia
22. renin from kidneys: - response to low BP or perfusion
- activate RAAS
23. vitamin D and calcium balance (kidneys): activates vitamin D, which is
important in Ca absorption
24. glucose homeostasis (kidneys): - renal threshold to reabsorb glucose -
kidneys degrade insulin
- gluceogenesis
25. elevated BG level that causes it to appear in urine: over 180 mg/dL
26. what is creatinine clearance used for?: measure of blood and urine Cr 24
hour urine volume) to assess GFR
27. total amount of Cr in urine = ?: amount filtered at glomerulus
28. what does decreased Cr clearance indicate?: decreased GFR and impaired
renal function
29. serum creatinine level: - best indicator of kidney function
- breakdown product of muscle filtered and excreted by kidney
30. GFR in kidney function: increasing serum Cr indicates decreasing GFR
31. prerenal dysfunction: - decreased blood flow and perfusion to the kidney
, - any condition that directly or indirectly decreases renal perfusion
32. what conditions can decrease renal perfusion?: hypovolemia, heart failure,
shock, etc.
33. prerenal injury results from ___: ischemia
34. what sufficient body function is also needed to maintain glomerular
filtration and urine output?: blood pressure
35. intrarenal dysfunction: actual injury to the kidneys (direct) due to trauma,
infection, or nephrotoxic drugs
36. trauma to kidney examples: - pyelonephritis
- autoimmune condition such as Lupus
37. infection of kidney example: post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
38 nephrotoxic drugs example: - NSAIDS
- ACE inhibitors
- angiotensin-receptor blockers
39. post renal dysfunction: - obstruction of urine outflow from the kidneys
- hydronephrosis
- prostate gland hyperplasia
- kidney stone
40. hydronephrosis: urine back up into the kidney
41. peritoneal dialysis steps: 1. peritoneum filled with a dialysis solution
(dialysate)
2. wastes and extra fluid pulled from blood into abdominal cavity by dialysate
3. after dwell time, solution is drained
42. dwell time: time fluid sits in peritoneal cavity - usually 4 hours
