IUPUI K356 EXAM 1 2025
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Carl Woese - ....ANSWER ...-Classified organisms using their rRNA, leading
to the three domains of life: eukaryotes, bacteria and archaea.
Francesco Redi - ....ANSWER ...-Tried to disprove spontaneous generation
theory. Did this by proving that maggots come from flies, not from meat.
John Needham - ....ANSWER ...-Tried to prove spontaneous generation
theory. Heated meat broth and then stoppered it; the broth still became cloudy.
Louis Pasteur - ....ANSWER ...-Disproved spontaneous generation using
Swan Neck Flasks. Developed pasteurization to prevent wine spoilage. Developed
chicken cholera, rabies and anthrax vaccines.
John Tyndall - ....ANSWER ...-Disproved spontaneous generation.
Concluded that dust carried germs, so he developed a way to get rid of dust around
broth. Even when exposed to air, the broth remained sterile.
Edward Jenner - ....ANSWER ...-Used cowpox lesions to make a vaccine
against smallpox. This was the first vaccine.
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,Robert Koch - ....ANSWER ...-Developed Koch's Postulates:
1. Organism must be present in every case of the disease.
2. Organism must be isolated and grown in pure culture.
3. Same disease must develop when healthy host is inoculated with the isolated
organism.
4. Organism must be isolated from the now-diseased host.
Walter and Fannie Hess - ....ANSWER ...-Developed agar for growing
organisms. Started with potatoes and gelatin, but microorganisms degraded both.
Agar was the solution.
Richard Petri - ....ANSWER ...-Developed the Petri dish.
Martinus Beijerinck - ....ANSWER ...-Found the first virus; the tobacco
mosaic virus. Also discovered nitrogen-fixing microbes.
Sergei Winogradsky - ....ANSWER ...-Discovered that soil microorganisms
can obtain energy from inorganic chemicals.
Ignaz Semmelweis - ....ANSWER ...-Had a problem with Childbed Fever.
Learned that doctors were spreading the disease because they did not wash their
hands after autopsies. Started making everyone wash their hands which caused
cases of childbed fever to drastically reduce.
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, Joseph Lister - ....ANSWER ...-Developed techniques for antiseptic surgery
like handwashing and sterilizing instruments.
Bright-field microscope - ....ANSWER ...-Light microscopy. Most common
microscope. Doesn't provide much contrast without using dyes.
Basic Dye - ....ANSWER ...-Simple stain. Sticks to negative charges.
Acidic Dye - ....ANSWER ...-Simple stain. Sticks to positive charges.
Gram Stain - ....ANSWER ...-Differential stain. Differentiates between
Gram+ and Gram- microorganisms. Developed by Christian Gram.
Dark-field microscope - ....ANSWER ...-Light microscopy. Dark
background, microbes appear bright. All light is directed away from the objective
lens UNLESS there is something there (microbes) to refract light up into the
objective lens.
Phase Contrast microscope - ....ANSWER ...-Light microscopy. Utilizes the
changes of the phase of light as it passes through an organism. Requires a phase
plate.
Differential Interference Contrast microscope - ....ANSWER ...-Light
microscopy. Gives a 3D image.
....COPYRIGHT ©️ 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED...TRUSTED & VERIFIED 3
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Carl Woese - ....ANSWER ...-Classified organisms using their rRNA, leading
to the three domains of life: eukaryotes, bacteria and archaea.
Francesco Redi - ....ANSWER ...-Tried to disprove spontaneous generation
theory. Did this by proving that maggots come from flies, not from meat.
John Needham - ....ANSWER ...-Tried to prove spontaneous generation
theory. Heated meat broth and then stoppered it; the broth still became cloudy.
Louis Pasteur - ....ANSWER ...-Disproved spontaneous generation using
Swan Neck Flasks. Developed pasteurization to prevent wine spoilage. Developed
chicken cholera, rabies and anthrax vaccines.
John Tyndall - ....ANSWER ...-Disproved spontaneous generation.
Concluded that dust carried germs, so he developed a way to get rid of dust around
broth. Even when exposed to air, the broth remained sterile.
Edward Jenner - ....ANSWER ...-Used cowpox lesions to make a vaccine
against smallpox. This was the first vaccine.
....COPYRIGHT ©️ 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED...TRUSTED & VERIFIED 1
,Robert Koch - ....ANSWER ...-Developed Koch's Postulates:
1. Organism must be present in every case of the disease.
2. Organism must be isolated and grown in pure culture.
3. Same disease must develop when healthy host is inoculated with the isolated
organism.
4. Organism must be isolated from the now-diseased host.
Walter and Fannie Hess - ....ANSWER ...-Developed agar for growing
organisms. Started with potatoes and gelatin, but microorganisms degraded both.
Agar was the solution.
Richard Petri - ....ANSWER ...-Developed the Petri dish.
Martinus Beijerinck - ....ANSWER ...-Found the first virus; the tobacco
mosaic virus. Also discovered nitrogen-fixing microbes.
Sergei Winogradsky - ....ANSWER ...-Discovered that soil microorganisms
can obtain energy from inorganic chemicals.
Ignaz Semmelweis - ....ANSWER ...-Had a problem with Childbed Fever.
Learned that doctors were spreading the disease because they did not wash their
hands after autopsies. Started making everyone wash their hands which caused
cases of childbed fever to drastically reduce.
....COPYRIGHT ©️ 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED...TRUSTED & VERIFIED 2
, Joseph Lister - ....ANSWER ...-Developed techniques for antiseptic surgery
like handwashing and sterilizing instruments.
Bright-field microscope - ....ANSWER ...-Light microscopy. Most common
microscope. Doesn't provide much contrast without using dyes.
Basic Dye - ....ANSWER ...-Simple stain. Sticks to negative charges.
Acidic Dye - ....ANSWER ...-Simple stain. Sticks to positive charges.
Gram Stain - ....ANSWER ...-Differential stain. Differentiates between
Gram+ and Gram- microorganisms. Developed by Christian Gram.
Dark-field microscope - ....ANSWER ...-Light microscopy. Dark
background, microbes appear bright. All light is directed away from the objective
lens UNLESS there is something there (microbes) to refract light up into the
objective lens.
Phase Contrast microscope - ....ANSWER ...-Light microscopy. Utilizes the
changes of the phase of light as it passes through an organism. Requires a phase
plate.
Differential Interference Contrast microscope - ....ANSWER ...-Light
microscopy. Gives a 3D image.
....COPYRIGHT ©️ 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED...TRUSTED & VERIFIED 3
